Peru

Peru's relationship with psychedelic plants is long-standing and primarily cultural and ethnobotanical rather than pharmaceutical. Indigenous Amazonian peoples of what is now Peru have used ayahuasca (a decoction typically combining Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis) and other plant medicines for ritual, diagnostic and healing purposes for many generations; these practices were documented in early anthropological and missionary accounts from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. That indigenous continuity established the social and intellectual context in which later academic and medical interest in psychoactive plants developed in the country.

In the mid-20th century international scientific interest in psychedelics (including substances distributed by companies such as Sandoz elsewhere in the world) reached Peru primarily through ethnobotanical and pharmacological enquiry rather than large-scale clinical programmes. Peruvian naturalists and foreign researchers mapped species distributions, documented traditional preparation methods and began basic phytochemical and toxicological work. From the 1980s and 1990s the emergence of hybrid centres that combined elements of Western psychotherapy with traditional Amazonian practices — most notably non-governmental treatment centres in the Peruvian Amazon — marked a new phase in practice and inquiry.

From the 2000s onward Peru became a focal point for international tourism seeking ayahuasca experiences; that growth catalysed both informal clinical reporting and more formal observational research as international teams partnered with Peruvian facilitators and local institutes. Research in this period tended to be multidisciplinary and descriptive: ethnography, harm-reduction studies, case series and phytochemical surveys. At the same time there were rising public debates about safety, informed consent, sexual misconduct allegations in some retreat settings, and the sustainability of plant resources, which prompted calls for better oversight and clearer ethical standards.

More recently (2010s–early 2020s) the research landscape has become plural: continued ethnobotany and conservation science, toxicology and public-health oriented observational studies, and growing interest from international clinical researchers in designing ethically sound collaborations. The country remains characterised by a relative legal and practical tolerance for traditional sacramental use of ayahuasca in many contexts, but the scheduled status of isolated psychoactive molecules under international conventions and domestic drug control laws complicates formal clinical development of DMT-containing preparations and other classical psychedelics within conventional trial frameworks.