This double-blind, randomised, controlled cross-over study (n=13) explores MDMA's (30-70mg) impact on tinnitus through behavioural and rs-fMRI assessments. No notable effects were observed at the lower dose. However, the 70 mg dose significantly reduced tinnitus annoyance and ignore ratings post-administration. Neurophysiological analysis revealed decreased connectivity in emotion and memory-related brain regions (hippocampal and amygdala) and increased connectivity in sensory processing and attention areas (right post-central gyrus, posterior and superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and frontoparietal network) with MDMA versus placebo.
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Background
This study was conducted to investigate the short-term behavioural and neurophysiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on tinnitus perception.
Methods
A double-blind randomized controlled cross-over design. Part 1. Behavioural measures of tinnitus following 30mg MDMA or placebo administration (N=5 participants) and Part 2. Behavioural measures of tinnitus and correlations between pairs of apriori regions of interest (ROI) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) before and after 70mg of MDMA or placebo (N=8 participants).
Results
The results to MDMA were similar to placebo. For the 70mg dose, there was a significant reduction after 4h in annoyance and ignore ratings. RsMRI showed decreased connectivity compared with placebo administration between the left hippocampal, right hippocampal, left amygdala and right amygdala regions, and between the right posterior parahippocampal cortex and the left amygdala after two hours of 70mg MDMA administration. Increased connectivity compared to placebo administration was found post MDMA between the right post-central gyrus and right posterior and superior temporal gyrus, and between the thalamus and frontoparietal network.
Conclusions
Following 70mg of MDMA two tinnitus rating scales significantly improved. There was, however, a placebo effect. Compared with placebo the rsMRI following the MDMA showed reductions in connectivity between the amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. There is sufficient proof of concept to support future investigation of MDMA as a treatment for tinnitus.
The researchers conducted a double‑blind, randomised, placebo‑controlled cross‑over proof‑of‑principle study to examine short‑term behavioural and neurophysiological effects of MDMA on tinnitus. The protocol had two parts: Part 1 assessed behavioural measures following a single 30 mg dose of MDMA versus placebo (N=5 participants), and Part 2 combined behavioural assessment with resting‑state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‑fMRI) before and after a single 70 mg dose of MDMA versus placebo (N=8 participants). Timing reported in the extracted text indicates rs‑fMRI measurements were interpreted at around two hours after the 70 mg dose, and behavioural tinnitus ratings were evaluated up to four hours post‑dose and at a one‑week follow‑up for quality‑of‑life measures. The extracted text reports that participants were screened for CYP2D6 genotype and that a relatively high number were excluded on this basis; five participants (23%) were predicted CYP2D6 poor metabolisers, a higher frequency than expected in comparable European populations. The investigators chose statistical approaches described as exploratory to examine relationships between intervention (MDMA versus placebo) and tinnitus rating scales. Further procedural details such as randomisation method, blinding verification, psychological support during dosing, exact rs‑fMRI preprocessing/analysis pipelines, and whether analyses used intention‑to‑treat principles are not clearly reported in the extracted text.
Behavioural outcomes: At the 30 mg dose (Part 1) the responses to MDMA were reported as similar to placebo. Following the 70 mg dose (Part 2), the researchers observed a significant reduction in two tinnitus rating scales — annoyance and ability to ignore tinnitus — measured at four hours post‑dose compared with baseline. However, the authors emphasise that a significant placebo effect was also present, and there was no apparent effect of MDMA on tinnitus‑related quality of life (measured by the Tinnitus Functional Index and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory) at one week post‑dose. Neuroimaging outcomes: Resting‑state fMRI data following the 70 mg dose showed altered connectivity patterns compared with placebo when assessed around two hours after administration. Specifically, MDMA was associated with decreased connectivity (relative to placebo) among limbic and medial temporal ROIs: left and right hippocampus, left and right amygdala, and between the right posterior parahippocampal cortex and the left amygdala. Conversely, increased connectivity (relative to placebo) after MDMA was reported between the right post‑central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) and right posterior/superior temporal gyrus (auditory regions), and between the thalamus and a frontoparietal/attention network. The authors also report that connectivity was greater for placebo than MDMA between the intraparietal sulcus (dorsal network) and the posterior parietal cortex (frontoparietal network). Safety and other observations: No adverse effects were reported in the extracted text. The authors note the small sample sizes and the marked placebo response as important context for interpreting the behavioural findings. They also highlight the unexpectedly high proportion of participants with a CYP2D6 poor‑metaboliser genotype identified during screening.
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Papers in Blossom that reference this study
Breeksema, J. J., Kuin, B. W., Kamphuis, J. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)
The authors interpret the findings cautiously, presenting them as preliminary proof of concept. They suggest that the observed short‑term reductions in tinnitus annoyance and in the ability to ignore tinnitus following 70 mg MDMA indicate an acute influence of MDMA on certain tinnitus dimensions, but they caution that the sizeable placebo response makes the behavioural effects inconclusive. They note no change in tinnitus quality‑of‑life measures at one week and propose that these questionnaires may be less sensitive to transient changes. On the neurophysiological side, the authors highlight that decreased connectivity among the amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus after MDMA may be relevant because these regions are involved in emotion, memory storage and retrieval, and have been implicated in tinnitus pathophysiology. They propose that reduced coupling between the intraparietal sulcus and posterior parietal cortex — regions implicated in auditory attention and perceptual organisation — could facilitate reduced tinnitus perception by altering attentional control. Some MDMA‑related connectivity changes reported here contrast with connectivity differences previously described in tinnitus patients and with MDMA effects in healthy controls, suggesting a possible interaction between MDMA effects and tinnitus‑related neural networks. The authors acknowledge several limitations that constrain interpretation: small sample sizes, a pronounced placebo effect, limited follow‑up duration for quality‑of‑life outcomes, and incomplete reporting of some methodological details in the extracted text. They also note an unexpectedly high exclusion rate on the basis of CYP2D6 genotype and raise the question — without drawing firm conclusions — whether CYP2D6 variants might relate to tinnitus risk. For future work they recommend testing higher MDMA doses (with appropriate safety precautions), examining whether effects are direct on tinnitus perception or mediated via increased acceptance/psychotherapeutic mechanisms, and exploring MDMA as an adjunct to sound therapy or within therapeutic contexts.
M. and colleagues conclude that low‑dose MDMA administration (70 mg) is safe and feasible in a controlled clinical environment and produced significant short‑term changes in both tinnitus ratings (reduced annoyance and improved ability to ignore at four hours) and in resting‑state neural connectivity (reduced limbic/medial temporal connectivity and other network changes). Because a substantial placebo effect was present and no one‑week improvements in tinnitus quality of life were observed, the behavioural findings are inconclusive and warrant further investigation. The neural connectivity changes provide sufficient proof of concept to justify additional research, including studies using higher doses and designs that can disentangle direct perceptual effects from psychotherapeutic or acceptance‑based mechanisms.