Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review
This review article (2020) argues that mindfulness meditation (MM) and psilocybin may work through similar mechanisms and may be complementary.
Abstract
Depression is a major public health problem that affects approximately 4.4% of the global population. Since conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies are only partially effective, as demonstrated by the number of patients failing to achieve remission, alternative treatments are needed. Mindfulness meditation (MM) and psilocybin represent two promising novel treatments that might even have complementary therapeutic effects when combined. Since the current literature is limited to theoretical and empirical underpinnings of either treatment alone, the present review aimed to identify possible complementary effects that may be relevant to the treatment of depression. To that end, the individual effects of MM and psilocybin, and their underlying working mechanisms, were compared on a non-exhaustive selection of six prominent psychological and biological processes that are well known to show impairments in patients suffering from major depression disorder, that is mood, executive functioning, social skills, neuroplasticity, core neural networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmunological levels. Based on predefined search strings used in two online databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) 1129 articles were identified. After screening title and abstract for relevance related to the question, 82 articles were retained and 11 were added after reference list search, resulting in 93 articles included in the review. Findings show that MM and psilocybin exert similar effects on mood, social skills, and neuroplasticity; different effects were found on executive functioning, neural core networks, and neuroendocrine and neuroimmune system markers. Potential mechanisms of MM’s effects are enhanced affective self-regulation through mental strategies, optimization of stress reactivity, and structural and functional adjustments of prefrontal and limbic areas; psilocybin’s effects might be established via attenuation of cognitive associations through deep personal insights, cognitive disinhibition, and global neural network disintegration. It is suggested that, when used in combination, MM and psilocybin could exert complementary effects by potentiating or prolonging mutual positive effects, for example, MM potentially facilitating psilocybin-induced peak experiences. Future placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trials focusing on psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based therapy will provide knowledge about whether the proposed combination of therapies maximizes their efficacy in the treatment of depression or depressive symptomatology.
Research Summary of 'Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review'
Introduction
Depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common and disabling condition affecting about 4.4% of the global population and characterised by depressed mood, anhedonia, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, executive deficits and suicidal ideation. Heuschkel and colleagues frame these symptoms as arising from interacting psychological and biological processes, and select six non‑exhaustive domains that are commonly impaired in MDD: mood, executive functioning, social skills, neuroplasticity, core neural networks, and neuroendocrine/neuroimmunological factors. The Introduction summarises evidence that MDD is associated with negative thinking patterns, excessive rumination and cognitive rigidity, fronto‑limbic and thalamo‑cortical network imbalances (including DMN hyperconnectivity and CEN/SN hypoconnectivity), reduced brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and HPA‑axis dysregulation with elevated cortisol and pro‑inflammatory cytokines.
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Heuschkel, K., & Kuypers, K. P. (2020). Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00224
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