Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)Bipolar DisorderDepressive DisordersSuicidalityMedicinal Chemistry & Drug DevelopmentKetamine

Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Major Depression: Critical Review and Implications for Clinical Practice

This review (2016) examines the clinical efficacy of ketamine as fast-acting pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (BP), in light of the available evidence. In the authors' view, there is insufficient empirical support for the early adoption of ketamine into routine practice, given the lack of data on the longer-term safety of ketamine as an antidepressant therapy, which will require the development of clinical protocols with standardized screening, clinical phenotyping, and follow-up procedures.

Authors

  • Jennifer Vande Voort
  • Mark Andrew Frye

Published

Depression and Anxiety
meta Study

Abstract

There is an urgent need for more rapidly effective pharmacotherapies for major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (BP) that are efficacious and tolerable for depressed patients who respond poorly to conventional treatments. Multiple controlled trials have now demonstrated a rapid, nonsustained antidepressive response to a single intravenous infusion of ketamine. Early controlled studies of intranasal or serial infusion therapy appear promising. The effective dose for depression is lower than the typical anesthetic doses, and side-effects are generally mild and transient. The data investigating the adjunctive use of concurrent ketamine in the course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression do not suggest efficacy or tolerability. The therapeutic potential of ketamine has stimulated considerable excitement among clinicians, patients, and industry, and has led to the increasing use of ketamine as an off-label substitute for ECT and other antidepressive treatments. This clinical review of ketamine will assess the evidence-based use of ketamine and initial clinical implications of further development of a potentially novel treatment for rapid reduction of symptoms in depressed patients.

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Research Summary of 'Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Major Depression: Critical Review and Implications for Clinical Practice'

Introduction

For years there has been a need for faster-acting antidepressant treatments that work through mechanisms other than monoaminergic systems. Low-dose intravenous ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been shown in multiple controlled trials to produce rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar (BP) depression, with clinical improvement often evident within hours and persisting for days despite ketamine's short pharmacokinetic half-life. Bobo and colleagues set out to critically review the evidence base for ketamine in unipolar and bipolar treatment-resistant depression, focusing on acute efficacy, dose and administration strategies, effects on suicidality, tolerability and safety, and the limited data on longer-term use and maintenance. The review examines pooled results from several meta-analyses and individual clinical trials and aims to draw implications for clinical practice given growing off‑label and unregulated use of ketamine infusions and intranasal formulations in routine settings.

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Study Details

References (11)

Papers cited by this study that are also in Blossom

Ketamine as a promising prototype for a new generation of rapid-acting antidepressants

Abdallah, C. G., Averill, L. A., Krystal, J. H. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2015)

Replication of Ketamine’s Antidepressant Efficacy in Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Add-On Trial

Zarate, C. A., Brutsche, N. E., Ibrahim, L. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2012)

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Ionescu, D. F., Vande Voort, J. L., Niciu, M. J. et al. · Journal of Psychiatric Research (2014)

Ketamine and Other NMDA Antagonists: Early Clinical Trials and Possible Mechanisms in Depression

Newport, D. J., Carpenter, L. L., Mcdonald, W. M. et al. · American Journal of Psychiatry (2015)

Meta-analysis of short- and mid-term efficacy of ketamine in unipolar and bipolar depression

Romeo, B., Choucha, W., Fossati, P. et al. · Psychiatry Research (2015)

The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Coyle, C. M., Laws, K. R. · Human Psychopharmacology (2015)

Ketamine administration in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fond, G., Loundou, A., Macgregor, A. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2014)

Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients

Berman, R. M., Cappiello, A., Anand, A. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2000)

Ketamine safety and tolerability in clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression

Murrough, J. W., Wan, L., Levitch, C. F. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (2015)

Show all 11 references
Relationship of ketamine’s antidepressant and psychotomimetic effects in unipolar depression

Sos, P., Klirova, M., Novák, T. et al. · Neuropsychiatric Disease And Treatment (2013)

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Papers in Blossom that reference this study

Ketamine for the treatment of major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nikolin, S., Rodgers, A., Schwaab, A. et al. · EClinicalMedicine (2023)

Maintenance ketamine treatment for depression: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability

Smith-Apeldoorn, S. Y., Veraart, J. K. E., Spijker, J. et al. · Lancet Psychiatry (2022)

Ketamine's effect on inflammation and kynurenine pathway in depression: A systematic review

Kopra, E., Mondelli, V., Pariante, C. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

A continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants

Haarsma, J., Harmer, C. J., Tamm, S. · Brain and Neuroscience Advances (2021)

Ketamine for bipolar depression: a systematic review

Bahji, A., Zarate, C. A., Vazquez, G. H. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2021)

Comparative efficacy of racemic ketamine and esketamine for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bahji, A., Vazquez, G. H., Zarate, C. A. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2021)

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Prefrontal Connectivity and Glutamate Transmission: Relevance to Depression Pathophysiology and Ketamine Treatment

Abdallah, C. G., Averill, C. L., Salas, R. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2017)

Ketamine Treatment and Global Brain Connectivity in Major Depression

Abdallah, C. G., Averill, L. A., Collins, K. A. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2016)

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