This post-mortem study (n=22) quantified the binding density of serotonin 5HT2A receptors in deceased patients with schizophrenia and found that the active configuration of this receptor, as measured by a two-fold higher agonistic binding of LSD radioligand, had the highest density amongst schizophrenic patients who were not being treated with antipsychotic medication.
Introduction
The status of serotonin 5HT2A receptors (5HT2ARs) in schizophrenia has been controversial. In vivo positron emission tomography neuroimaging and in vitro post-mortem binding studies have reported conflicting results about 5HT2AR density. Radiotracers bind different receptor conformations depending on their agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist properties. This study investigates 5HT2AR density in the post-mortem prefrontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia and controls using three radiotracers with a different pharmacological profile.
Methods
The specific binding parameters of the inverse agonist [18F]altanserin, the agonist [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and the antagonist [3H]MDL100907 to brain cortex membranes from 20 subjects with schizophrenia and 20 individually matched controls were evaluated under similar methodological conditions. Ten schizophrenia subjects were antipsychotic-free at death. Saturation curve analyses were performed by non-linear regression to obtain a maximal density of binding sites (Bmax) and the affinity of the respective radiotracers (Kd).
Results
In schizophrenia subjects, 5-HT2AR density was decreased when quantified by [18F]altanserin binding, whereas increased when evaluated by [3H]LSD binding. However, [3H]MDL100907 binding was unaltered. A slight loss of affinity (higher Kd) was observed exclusively in [3H]LSD binding. The findings were more evident in antipsychotic-free subjects than in antipsychotic-treated subjects.
Discussion
In conclusion, a higher proportion of the 5-HT2AR-active functional conformation, which is rather identified by agonist radiotracers, was observed in schizophrenia patients. A consequent reduction of the inactive 5-HT2AR conformation, which is preferentially identified by inverse agonist radiotracers, was also obtained. Antagonist radiotracers do not distinguish between molecular conformations of the receptor, and accordingly, the absence of changes was shown. These results are compatible with the proposed increased functional activity of brain cortical 5-HT2ARs in schizophrenia.
Papers cited by this study that are also in Blossom
Geyer, M. A., Vollenweider, F. X. · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2008)
González-Maeso, J., Sealfon, S. C. · Trends in Neuroscience (2009)
Papers in Blossom that reference this study
Dourron, H. M., Strauss, C., Hendricks, P. S. · Pharmacological Reviews (2022)
Diez-Alarcia and colleagues frame their study within longstanding but inconsistent evidence about serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs) in schizophrenia. Earlier in vivo PET studies and in vitro post-mortem binding work have reported decreases, increases or no change in cortical 5-HT2AR density. The authors note that much of this variation may relate not only to clinical and demographic heterogeneity or antipsychotic exposure, but also to the pharmacological profiles of radiotracers: agonists preferentially label the G-protein-coupled high-affinity (functionally active) receptor state, inverse agonists prefer the uncoupled low-affinity (inactive) state, while neutral antagonists bind both states with similar affinity. This mechanistic distinction has received relatively little attention when comparing prior studies. The present study therefore aims to test whether opposing alterations in 5-HT2AR density in schizophrenia depend on the intrinsic activity of the radioligand used. To do so, the investigators performed head-to-head saturation binding assays on membrane homogenates from the same post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex samples, using three radiotracers with distinct pharmacology: the agonist [3H]LSD, the antagonist [3H]MDL100907, and the inverse agonist [18F]altanserin. The objective was to determine whether agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist radioligands yield different estimates of receptor density (Bmax) and affinity (Kd) in subjects with schizophrenia compared with matched controls, and whether antipsychotic exposure at death affects those measures.
The study used post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 9) from 20 subjects with ante-mortem DSM-IV schizophrenia and 20 individually matched control brains. Controls were selected for absence of neuropsychiatric disorder or drug abuse and matched for sex, storage time and post-mortem interval (PMI). Toxicological screening of blood determined presence or absence of antipsychotics and other substances at death; based on this, the schizophrenia group was subdivided into antipsychotic-free (n = 10) and antipsychotic-treated (n = 10) at time of death. The extract indicates most schizophrenia cases (17/20) died by suicide, whereas controls mainly died accidentally. Tissue was processed to obtain membrane-enriched homogenates. Three radioligands were evaluated in saturation binding experiments under comparable conditions: [18F]altanserin (0.03–4 nM, eight concentrations) as an inverse agonist, [3H]LSD (0.03–10 nM, ten concentrations) as an agonist, and [3H]MDL100907 (0.007–4 nM, ten concentrations) as an antagonist. [18F]altanserin was synthesised with specific activity in the 300–700 GBq/μmol range, mean radiochemical yield 11% ± 4% and purity >97%. Data from individual saturation binding experiments were analysed by non-linear regression to estimate Bmax (maximum density of specific binding sites) and Kd (apparent equilibrium dissociation constant). Kd values were log-transformed for parametric tests. The investigators used Grubbs' test to detect outliers, Pearson correlations to examine relationships with covariates (age, PMI, storage time) and analysis of covariance when appropriate. Group comparisons of saturation curves were performed by co-analysis non-linear curve fitting, with the extrasum-of-squares F test to decide between single-curve (no group difference) and two-curve (group difference) models; where significant, contrasts determined whether differences involved Bmax and/or Kd. A two-tailed p = 0.05 threshold was used.
Saturation binding for each radioligand fit a single high-affinity specific binding site compatible with selective 5-HT2AR detection. Across the whole sample, receptor density estimated by [18F]altanserin and [3H]MDL100907 were similar, whereas density estimated by [3H]LSD was significantly higher. Positive correlations were reported between densities from [18F]altanserin and [3H]MDL100907 (r = 0.332, p < 0.05) and strongly between [3H]MDL100907 and [3H]LSD (r = 0.894, p < 0.0001). No significant correlation was found between [18F]altanserin and [3H]LSD densities. Age at death correlated negatively with [18F]altanserin density (r = -0.341; p < 0.05), corresponding to an average decrease of 35 ± 15 fmol/mg per decade. A similar but non-significant decline was seen for [3H]MDL100907 (30 ± 17 fmol/mg per decade; r = -0.283; p = 0.08). [3H]LSD density showed no age correlation. No significant effects of PMI or storage time on binding were identified. When comparing schizophrenia cases with matched controls, radioligand-dependent differences emerged. Co-analysis of [18F]altanserin saturation curves showed a statistically significant reduction of Bmax in the schizophrenia group overall. This reduction was driven by the antipsychotic-free subgroup: antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects had [18F]altanserin Bmax = 329 ± 24 fmol/mg versus matched controls 410 ± 25 fmol/mg (p < 0.05). Antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects had Bmax = 376 ± 18 fmol/mg versus controls 411 ± 23 fmol/mg, a smaller and non-significant difference. Affinity (Kd) for [18F]altanserin did not differ between groups. In contrast, [3H]LSD co-analysis demonstrated a significant increase of Bmax in schizophrenia versus controls. Antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects showed [3H]LSD Bmax = 791 ± 69 fmol/mg versus matched controls 646 ± 34 fmol/mg (p < 0.05). Antipsychotic-treated cases had Bmax = 735 ± 63 fmol/mg versus controls 635 ± 30 fmol/mg, not significantly different from controls. The apparent affinity (Kd) for [3H]LSD was increased (i.e. lower affinity) in schizophrenia overall and was significantly higher in both antipsychotic-free (Kd = 1.45 ± 0.45 nM) and antipsychotic-treated (Kd = 1.52 ± 0.44 nM) subgroups compared with respective controls (Kd = 0.69 ± 0.15 nM and 0.77 ± 0.15 nM; p < 0.05). The authors report a significant correlation (r = 0.68, p = 0.04) between published Ki values of antipsychotics detected in post-mortem toxicology and individual [3H]LSD Kd in antipsychotic-treated subjects, suggesting residual drug presence may influence apparent affinity. Binding with the selective antagonist [3H]MDL100907 showed no differences in Bmax or Kd between schizophrenia and control groups, either overall or when subdivided by antipsychotic status (for antipsychotic-free: Bmax = 324 ± 37 fmol/mg vs controls 328 ± 23 fmol/mg; for antipsychotic-treated: Bmax = 330 ± 28 fmol/mg vs controls 344 ± 22 fmol/mg).
Diez-Alarcia and colleagues interpret their findings as evidence that apparent alterations of cortical 5-HT2ARs in schizophrenia depend on the pharmacological profile of the radioligand. Specifically, agonist radioligand binding ([3H]LSD) was increased in schizophrenia, inverse agonist binding ([18F]altanserin) was decreased, and antagonist binding ([3H]MDL100907) was unchanged when assays were performed under comparable conditions on the same samples. The pattern was most pronounced in subjects who were antipsychotic-free at death, while the presence of antipsychotics tended to normalise densities toward control values. The authors situate these results within the receptor-conformation framework for G-protein-coupled receptors: agonists preferentially label the G-protein-coupled high-affinity (active) state, whereas inverse agonists prefer the uncoupled low-affinity (inactive) state and neutral antagonists do not discriminate between states. They argue that an increased proportion of 5-HT2ARs in the active, G-protein-coupled conformation in schizophrenia would explain the concurrent increase in agonist binding and decrease in inverse agonist binding, while leaving antagonist binding unaltered. The discussion links this interpretation to other evidence of enhanced 5-HT2AR functional coupling in schizophrenia (for example, greater G-protein-mediated responses in post-mortem assays and augmented prolactin response to 5-HT releasers in drug-free patients). The authors address apparent inconsistencies and methodological caveats. One notable observation is that [3H]LSD detected approximately twice the number of binding sites as the other tracers; Diez-Alarcia and colleagues propose that receptor oligomerisation (homodimers/heteromers) and ligand-specific cooperativity might explain this, with hallucinogenic agonists labelling both sites of a dimer while some antagonists/inverse agonists show negative cooperativity and therefore label fewer apparent sites. Age-related decline in 5-HT2AR density is confirmed and justifies their one-to-one matching design. Antipsychotic exposure at death is treated as a significant confounder: the authors acknowledge that ‘‘antipsychotic-free’’ in toxicology does not guarantee lifelong antipsychotic-naivety, but note that reductions in the inverse agonist signal and increases in agonist signal were more evident in those without recent antipsychotic exposure, suggesting treatment may counterbalance the conformational imbalance. They also report that Kd measures were sensitive to residual antipsychotic presence, particularly for the agonist radioligand. Limitations highlighted by the investigators include the small number of antipsychotic-free cases typical of post-mortem work and the predominance of suicide as the cause of death among schizophrenia cases; the authors note, however, that available data do not support suicide as a major confounder for frontal cortex 5-HT2AR binding. Finally, they recommend development and in vivo testing of selective agonist PET radiotracers (for example, Cimbi-36 is mentioned as an emerging agonist tracer) and suggest that agonist radiotracers in antipsychotic-naive patients could validate the proposed 5-HT2AR overactivity in schizophrenia. The investigators conclude that careful attention to radioligand pharmacology is essential to reconcile previously contradictory findings about 5-HT2ARs in the disorder.
A role for serotonin (5-HT) in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of schizophrenia is supported by converging observations. First, similarities between psychotic states in psychiatric disorders and the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other 5-HT receptor-mediated psychedelic drugs (e.g., mescaline and psilocybin) have been described. Second, cortical serotonin 5HT 2A receptors (5-HT 2A Rs) seem to be the critical target to induce these psychosis-like responses, and secondgeneration antipsychotics such as clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine, among others, display potent antagonism properties on 5-HT 2A Rs. Furthermore, since 5-HT plays a key role in emotional processing, it has been proposed that dysregulation of 5-HT neurotransmission could underlie the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The 5-HT receptor brain density is typically assessed in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET)and in vitro using post-mortem tissue homogenates and sections (for a review, see Supplementary Table). Evidence shows a lower density of 5-HT 2A Rs in the frontal cortex of antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients when evaluated with the very selective (200-to 500-fold higher affinity for 5-HT 2A Rs vs. dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 Rs)) radiotracer [F]altanserin. In contrast, inconclusive results were obtained with other radiotracers such as [F]setoperone and [ 18 F]N-methyl spiperone, which have 10-to 25fold 5-HT 2A R selectivity vs. dopamine D 2 Rs 7 . Since D 2 Rs are clearly involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology and treatment, the use of these radiotracers with substantial D 2 R affinity is considered a source of bias for 5-HT 2A R detection. On the other hand, important differences among studies have also been obtained from in vitro postmortem studies in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia. Thus, while some studies described upregulation of 5HT 2A Rs, others pointed towards the absence of alterations or even a down-regulation in the number of binding sites. These apparent discrepancies among post-mortem studies have been considered in the context of different demographic and clinical parameters, the existence of diverse pharmacological treatments and the variety of methodological approaches. Moreover, as drug-free populations are difficult to obtain for post-mortem studies, the existence of long-term antipsychotic treatment has been considered the main explanatory factor for differences between in vivo neuroimaging studies in drug-naive patients and in vitro findings in post-mortem brain. However, less attention has been paid to the pharmacological properties, such as agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist, of the respective drugs used as radiotracer tools to identify 5HT 2A Rs. The most common 5HT 2A R drugs used to generate radioligands for in vivo PET studies ([ 18 F]altanserin and [] M100907) are considered antagonists, and the efforts towards the development of agonist radiotracers have reported limited success. In marked contrast, postmortem studies of 5HT 2A R quantitation in schizophrenia have been performed with the agonist [ 3 H]LSD and the partial agonist [ 3 H]ketanserin radiotracers (Supplementary Table). Although unattended, the pharmacological properties, such as agonist, antagonist or inverse agonist, are determinants for the receptor conformation identified by the radiotracer and, subsequently, for the estimated binding density. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and, among them, 5HT 2A Rs display different molecular conformations that are interchangeable and stay in equilibrium. Thus, the receptor conformation that couples to G proteins is considered to be functionally active and represents the high-affinity state of the receptor, which is preferentially identified by agonist radioligands. Conversely, inverse agonist radioligands show preference to bind the lowaffinity state, i.e., the inactive receptor conformation, which is uncoupled from G proteins. Finally, antagonist radioligands bind with similar affinity to both receptor conformations (Fig.). Therefore, the binding of agonist radioligands to the G-protein-coupled conformation should serve as a more accurate measure of 5HT 2A R functions and dysfunctions than antagonist binding. In vitro studies have revealed increased functional coupling of 5HT 2A Rs to G proteins in the brain cortex of subjects with schizophrenia without alterations in total values of receptor density. This finding suggests that an imbalance of 5HT 2A Rs towards the high-affinity receptor conformation might be present in schizophrenia, leading to overactive G-protein-dependent signalling. Under this 5HT 2A R overactivity, enhanced agonist radioligand binding should be expected. Conversely, a decreased binding of inverse agonist radioligands to the uncoupled conformation might indicate a decrease of the low-affinity receptor state and prove the existence of an imbalance between coupled and uncoupled 5HT 2A R conformations in schizophrenia, with receptor equilibrium displaced towards the active conformational state (Fig.). Although [ 18 F]altanserin and []MDL100907 were initially developed as selective antagonist radiotracers to quantify 5HT 2A Rs in PET studies]altanserin. Active and inactive conformations are interchangeable states that stay in equilibrium. Antagonist radioligands, such as [ 3 H]MDL100907, bind both receptor conformations and, therefore, do not distinguish between functional and non-functional states. properties on 5HT 2A Rs in post-mortem human brain. In fact, [ 18 F]altanserin binding is decreased in the brain of patients with schizophreniaand in prodromal at-risk state subjects. In contrast to PET evaluations, studies in post-mortem brain of subjects with schizophrenia have mainly been performed with the agonist [ 3 H]LSD and the partial agonist [ 3 H]ketanserin radiotracers (Supplementary Table). Noticeably, among post-mortem studies, those developed in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia cases displayed enhanced 5HT 2A R density in the prefrontal cortex. Based on all these observations, it could be hypothesized that 5HT 2A R agonists and inverse agonists identify different molecular conformations of this receptor in schizophrenia, leading to opposite findings. However, the 5HT 2A R receptor binding of agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist radiotracers has never been tested under the same methodological conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the 5HT 2A R density in post-mortem prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia, using three different radiotracers with different intrinsic activity properties (agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist) on this receptor. [ 3 H]LSD, [ 3 H]MDL100907 and [ 18 F]altanserin were selected as representative radiotracers with well-established pharmacological profiles. LSD is a hallucinogenic drug with 5HT 2A R partial agonist properties, and its 3 H-labelled form identifies this receptor under blocking conditions for other 5-HT receptors. MDL100907 is a very selective 5-HT 2A R antagonist, whoseF-andC-labelled forms have been used for PET studies. Altanserin is a highly selective 5HT 2A R inverse agonist, commonly considered as antagonist PET radiotracer when labelled with 18 F 15 . The three radiotracers were evaluated on saturation binding experiments in brain cortex membrane homogenates of the same subjects and under similar experimental conditions. We sought to test the hypothesis that different alterations of 5HT 2A R density are obtained in schizophrenia depending on the intrinsic activity properties of each radiotracer. The results would shed light on the unclarified status of brain 5HT 2A Rs in schizophrenia.
Brain samples were obtained at autopsies performed in the Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain, in compliance with policies of research and ethical boards for post-mortem brain studies. Deaths were subjected to retrospective searching for previous medical diagnosis and treatment using the examiner's information and records from hospitals and mental health centres. A total number of 20 brains from subjects with ante-mortem diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR) were matched to 20 brains from control subjects in a paired design. Control subjects were chosen among the collected brains on the basis of the absence of neuropsychiatric disorders or drug abuse, and an appropriate sex, storage time and post-mortem interval (elapsed time between death and tissue dissection/freezing) to match each schizophrenia subject. Toxicological screening of blood samples of all subjects was performed to determine the presence at death of antipsychotics, other drugs and ethanol. According to the absence or presence of antipsychotic drugs in this toxicological screening, schizophrenia population was divided into two groups, a group of antipsychotic-free (n = 10) and a group of antipsychotic-treated (n = 10) subjects. Schizophrenia and control groups were similar for sex ratio, age, storage time and post-mortem interval values (Supplementary Table). Seventeen out of the 20 subjects in the schizophrenia group committed suicide. Matched control subjects mainly died by accidental causes. Therefore, the mechanism of death indicates that almost all were violent or sudden. Specimens of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9) were dissected at autopsy following standard procedures and immediately stored at -80 °C until assayed. A complete description of the whole population of subjects with schizophrenia and their individually matched controls can be found in Supplementary Table. Some of the schizophrenia cases and controls have been previously used to evaluate the Fig.Representation of the imbalance between 5-HT 2A R conformations towards the state preferentially labelled by agonists observed in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia. The disequilibrium promotes a G-protein overactivation in response to 5-HT 2A R agonists. Based on this hypothesis, agonist radioligands should identify higher binding sites and inverse agonist radioligands should label lower binding sites in schizophrenia than in controls. Antagonist radioligands would not discriminate between schizophrenia and control subjects. ketanserin binding densityand G-protein activation mediated by 5-HT 2A Rs(see Supplementary Tablefor details). The prefrontal cortex was selected as the region of interest based on the morphological alterations associated to schizophreniaand the large expression of 5-HT 2A Rs in the area.
MDL100907 (volinanserin) and altanserin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. [ 3 H]LSD (86.3 Ci/mmol at delivery time) was obtained from PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences, Inc., and [ 3 H]MDL100907 (80 Ci/ mmol at delivery time) was obtained from ARC Radiochemicals. All other chemicals were obtained from standard sources.
[ 18 F]altanserin was produced in a TRACERlab FXFN synthesis module (GE Healthcare) by radiofluorination of nitro-altanserin (ABX, Radeberg, Germany) as previously published. Specific activity at initial incubation time (see below) was in the range 300-700 GBq/μmol. The average radiochemical yield was 11 ± 4% (end of synthesis). Radiochemical purity was >97% in all cases.
Brain cortex samples were processed to obtain membrane-enriched homogenates as previously described. [
Complete saturation binding assays were performed with [ 18 F]altanserin (0.03-4 nM, eight concentrations), [ 3 H]LSD (0.03-10 nM, ten concentrations) and [ 3 H] MDL100907 (0.007-4 nM, ten concentrations) in order to determine the density (B max ) and the affinity (K d ) of 5-HT 2A Rs. Incubation was carried out in tubes ([
Data obtained from saturation binding experiments of each subject were analysed by non-linear regression using the GraphPad Prism™ software. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (K d ) and the maximum density of specific binding sites (B max ) were obtained. K d values were normalized to log transformation before parametric analyses. All data were subjected to a Grubbs's test in order to detect and reject possible outlier values among experimental groups. Pearson's correlation r coefficient was calculated to test for a possible association between independent covariables (age, post-mortem interval and storage time) and receptor density. When correlation was significant, analysis of covariance was performed controlling for the independent covariable. One-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test was used to compare results between radioligands. Results are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD) of individual values. Statistical comparisons between groups were conducted by non-linear curve-fitting coanalysis of all individual binding experiments. The selection between a singlecurve model (absence of differences between groups) and a two-curve model (statistical differences between groups) was made by the extrasum-of-squares F test using GraphPad Prism™. When statistical differences between curves were obtained, further individual contrasts were performed to detect whether differences were attributable to changes in B max and/or K d values between groups. The analysis that permitted one or more of the parameters to be shared without a significant increase in the residual variance was taken as the best fit. In this nonlinear analysis, results (B max and K d ) are expressed as the best estimation parameter ± SD. These values obtained from simultaneous non-linear regression analyses were not used for parametric statistical calculations. In all analyses, the level of statistical two-tailed significance was chosen as p = 0.05.
The individual non-linear analysis of each radioligand binding fitted to a saturation curve displaying a single specific binding site of high affinity, compatible with selective detection of 5-HT 2A Rs. The receptor density (B max ) in the overall population was similar when identified by [ 18 F]altanserin or [ 3 H]MDL100907 binding, while it was significantly higher when estimated by [Positive correlations between densities obtained with [ 18 F]altanserin and [ 3 H]MDL100907 (r = 0.332, p < 0.05), and between [ 3 H]MDL100907 and [ 3 H]LSD (r = 0.894, p < 0.0001) were found. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between densities obtained with [ 18 F] altanserin and [ 3 H]LSD, suggesting that these radioligands could identify different binding populations.
The density of [ 18 F]altanserin binding sites displayed a negative correlation with the age at death (r = -0.341; p < 0.05). According to this linear decay, the average decrease per decade for 5-HT 2A Rs was 35 ± 15 fmol/mg. In the case of [ 3 H]MDL100907 binding, there was also a decrease of density with age (30 ± 17 fmol/mg per decade) that did not reach significant correlation (r = -0.283; p = 0.08). No correlation between age at death and density of [ 3 H]LSD binding sites was obtained. [ 18 F]altanserin, [ 3 H]LSD and [ 3 H]MDL100907 binding properties were not significantly affected neither by postmortem interval nor by storage time at -80 °C.
The co-analysis of saturation curves obtained with [ 18 F] altanserin showed a statistically significant reduction of the density of the binding sites in the schizophrenia group compared to matched controls. No differences in affinity were detected between schizophrenia and control groups (Table). When the presence of antipsychotic drugs was considered, the co-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction of [ 18 F]altanserin binding sites in antipsychoticfree subjects with schizophrenia (B max = 329 ± 24 fmol/mg) vs. matched controls (B max = 410 ± 25 fmol/mg) (p < 0.05) (Fig.). In contrast, subjects with schizophrenia and presence of antipsychotic treatment displayed density values (B max = 376 ± 18 fmol/mg) closer to the respective matched control group (B max = 411 ± 23 fmol/mg) (Fig.). No changes were observed in the affinity parameters (K d = 0.30 ± 0.07 nM in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia group vs. K d = 0.34 ± 0.07 nM in matched controls; K d = 0.33 ± 0.05 nM in antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia group vs. K d = 0.29 ± 0.06 nM in matched controls). As expected, these findings were confirmed by analysis of covariance controlling B max value for age. The co-analysis of saturation curves obtained with [ 3 H] LSD demonstrated a significant increase of binding sites in subjects with schizophrenia compared to matched controls The co-analysis also demonstrated higher K d values of this radioligand in the schizophrenia group than in controls (Table). When the presence of antipsychotic drugs in blood was considered, the enhanced receptor density was maintained in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects (B max = 791 ± 69 fmol/mg) when compared with matched controls (B max = 646 ± 34 fmol/mg) (p < 0.05) (Fig.). Conversely, antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects displayed receptor density values (B max = 735 ± 63 fmol/mg) that did not differ from those in respective control group (B max = 635 ± 30 fmol/mg) (Fig.). In the case of K d values, the increase was significant for both antipsychotic-free (K d = 1.45 ± 0.45 nM) and antipsychotic-treated (K d = 1.52 ± 0.44 nM) schizophrenia subjects compared with respective controls (K d = 0.69 ± 0.15 nM and K d = 0.77 ± 0.15 nM) (p < 0.05). Reevaluation with age as covariate maintained similar results. In order to test whether the residual presence of antipsychotic drugs could contribute to the increased K d of [ 3 H]LSD binding, a correlation between published K i for 5-HT2AR valuesof drugs detected in the postmortem toxicological screening and individual K d values obtained for [ 3 H]LSD was performed. A significant correlation (r = 0.68, p = 0.04) obtained in antipsychotic-treated subjects. The co-analysis curves obtained with [ 3 H] MDL100907 showed no differences of binding sites between subjects with schizophrenia and matched controls. The affinities were also similar (Table). No differences were detected neither in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects (B max = 324 ± 37 fmol/mg; K d = 0.34 ± 0.13 nM) with respective controls (B max = 328 ± 23 fmol/mg; K d = 0.32 ± 0.07 nM) nor in antipsychotictreated subjects (B max = 330 ± 28 fmol/mg; K d = 0.26 ± 0.07 nM) vs. matched controls (B max = 344 ± 22 fmol/mg; K d = 0.25 ± 0.05 nM) (Fig.). Age at death did not influence the results in the analysis of covariance.
The present study demonstrates in post-mortem human frontal cortex that alterations of 5-HT 2A Rs observed in schizophrenia are dependent on the pharmacological properties of the radiotracer used to identify this receptor. Thus, binding assays with an agonist ([ 3 H]LSD), an antagonist ([ 3 H]MDL100907) and an inverse agonist ([ 18 F]altanserin) radiotracer conducted in similar incubation conditions from identical samples lead to different results. The present study provides evidence that the agonist radioligand binding to 5-HT 2A Rs is increased in schizophrenia, whereas inverse agonist radioligand binding is reduced, and the antagonist radioligand binding remains unaltered. This differential pattern is remarkable in antipsychotic-free subjects, whereas the presence of these drugs in blood tends to reverse the 5-HT 2A R density alterations to control values. Until recently, an equivalent PET study was not feasible, mainly due to the lack of suitable agonist radiotracers for selective 5-HT 2A R identification. However, the recent development of [Cimbi-36, a non-selective 5-HT 2A/B/C R agonist, could help to confirm through head-to-head in vivo comparisons between antagonist and inverse agonist radiotracers the findings here reported in the postmortem tissue. Nevertheless, the technical and ethical feasibility of in vivo identification of 5-HT 2A Rs by three different PET radiotracers in the same patient and short time frame is limited. Therefore, in vitro post-mortem studies could help to overcome these drawbacks in the study of neurotransmitter receptor molecular alterations. However, other potentially confounding factors, especially the existence of previous treatment with antipsychotic drugs, add limitations to the conclusions of post mortem studies. In fact, the number of antipsychotic-free subjects included in this type of studies is very limited(Supplementary Table). The increased density of 5-HT 2A Rs identified by the agonist radiotracer [ 3 H]LSD confirms the proposed higher functional sensitivity of this receptor in schizophrenia. ) binding to membranes of post-mortem frontal cortex from subjects with schizophrenia and presence of antipsychotic drugs in the blood at the time of death (antipsychotic-treated), subjects with schizophrenia and no antipsychotic drugs in the blood (antipsychotic-free), and matched control subjects. Each schizophrenia group was analysed vs. the respective control group, but in order to clarify, here the two control groups are shown together. The curves represent the best-fit estimation generated by the non-linear coanalysis of individual results in each group. The density of 5-HT 2A Rs is expressed as the asymptote value (B max ) of the radioligand bound. The affinity of the radioligand is expressed by the concentration of radioligand that promotes the half-maximal bound (K d ). Points representing means were not used for statistical analysis. Previous studies with the partial agonist radioligand [ 3 H] ketanserin reported similar findings in antipsychoticfree subjectsEndogenous and exogenous agonists bind preferentially to the high-affinity state of the receptor, which represents the active functional conformation coupled to cell signalling pathways (Fig.). Recently, the assessment of 5-HT 2A R coupling to G proteins in postmortem frontal cortex has demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity of inhibitory G i1 proteins in response to the agonist (±)DOI (2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine) in schizophrenia. In concordance, the prolactin response to the 5-HT-releasing drug D-fenfluramine 39 , which is considered a functional in vivo test dependent on 5-HT 2A/C Rs activation, is enhanced in drug-free schizophrenia subjects. Therefore, evidence points towards a functional hyperactivity of 5-HT 2A Rs in schizophrenia. This issue has resulted in controversy since PET studies with [ 18 F]altanserin have suggested decreased binding potential in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. The present study illustrates how the reduction of [ 18 F]altanserin binding (-20%) is compatible with enhanced binding (+22%) of agonist radiotracers as [ 3 H]ketanserin and [ 3 H] LSD. The compound altanserin has been classically regarded as the selective 5-HT 2A R antagonist. However, in the brain cortex, this drug shows inverse agonist properties, which means preferential labelling to the receptor conformation uncoupled from G proteins. In this way, the pharmacological profile of [ 18 F]altanserin explains the reduced 5-HT 2A R density reported in schizophrenia as reduction of the uncoupled conformation of this receptor. G-protein-coupled (higher affinity for agonists than for inverse agonists) and G-protein-uncoupled (higher affinity for inverse agonists than for agonists) receptor conformations are interchangeable molecular states of GPCRs. In brains of subjects with schizophrenia, the imbalance between 5-HT 2A R conformations in favour of the Gprotein-coupled state would be expressed as increased density of the agonist [ 3 H]LSD binding and reduced density of the inverse agonist [ 18 F]altanserin binding, as observed in the present study (Fig.). Moreover, this hypothesis should be supported by the concurrent absence of changes in the 5-HT 2A R density delineated by selective antagonist radiotracers. Neutral antagonist drugs do not distinguish among molecular conformations of the receptor and, thereby, are not suitable tools to detect the existence of imbalance between 5-HT 2A R conformational states in schizophrenia. The absence of differences for the antagonist [ 3 H]MDL100907 binding between schizophrenia and control groups obtained in the present study agrees with this argument and supports the existence of a functional 5-HT 2A R imbalance in the pathophysiology of the disorder. More recent post-mortem studies have added further weight to this hypothesis by showing that messenger RNA expression and total protein immunodetection of 5-HT 2A Rs are unaltered in subjects with schizophrenia free of antipsychotic treatment. One apparent inconsistency of the present study is the different receptor binding density obtained between radiotracers. [ 3 H]LSD approximately identified a two-fold higher number of binding sites than [ 18 F]altanserin and [ 3 H]MDL100907. It is widely accepted that 5-HT 2A Rs are assembled into homodimeric and heterodimeric structures. Receptor oligomers coexist with monomeric forms (Fig.). Dimeric receptor complex crosstalk to each other promoting differential modulation of the ligand access to the respective binding pockets. In fact, the binding of partial agonist and antagonists, as ketanserin and MDL100907, to one of the two binding sites in the 5-HT 2A R homodimer introduces negative cooperativity effects on the propensity of a second molecule of the same drug to bind the dimer. In contrast, the hallucinogenic 5-HT 2A R agonist (±)DOB shows a similar affinity for the two binding sites of the dimer. Therefore, it is feasible to propose that [ 3 H]LSD is able to label the two binding sites of the homodimeric 5-HT 2A R, whereas [ 3 H]MDL100907, [ 18 F]altanserin and [ 3 H]ketanserin binding to one of the receptor pockets prevent the own radioligand binding to the second site (Fig.). This molecular mechanism would be reflected in a two-fold higher density when estimated by radiotracers bound to the full homodimer with respect to the density obtained by radiotracers bound only to one of the monomers that conform to the dimer. The results shown in the present study together with those in previous studies with the radiotracer [ 3 H]ketanserinagree with this hypothesis of a homodimeric 5-HT 2A R structure and function. Certainly, the assumption of the receptor oligomerization paradigm should affect future comparisons between radiotracer binding properties. The observed decline of 5-HT 2A R density with ageing is a repeated finding in previous post-mortemand PETstudies. This profound effect of ageing provides the rationale for experimental designs based on one-to-one individual matching of each schizophrenia case with respective control, as performed here, rather than the usual and less rigorous group-based matching. The presence or absence at death of antipsychotic drugs in the blood of subjects with schizophrenia represents another relevant confounding factor in radioligand binding studies (Supplementary Table). In the present study, the absence of antipsychotic drugs in the toxicological analysis does not mean that these subjects termed as antipsychotic-free were antipsychotic-naive, but rather that they were untreated in the nearest antemortem period. The more [ 18 F]altanserin binding and the less [ 3 H]LSD binding densities in antipsychotic-treated respect to antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects suggest that antipsychotic treatment would counterbalance the 5-HT 2A Rs alterations observed in schizophrenia. Long-term treatment with second-generation antipsychotics modulates 5-HT 2A R expression animalsand could modify binding due to residual presence of antipsychotics acting as 5-HT 2A R antagonists. However, the possibility that observed alterations of 5-HT 2A R density (B max ) in schizophrenia represent a consequence of the current or past long-term antipsychotic treatment is improbable. First, the changes of density are more evident in recent antipsychotic-free than in antipsychotic-treated subjects. Second, the differential up-or down-regulation of 5-HT 2A Rs associated with recent antipsychotic treatment in function of the different radiotracers makes unlikely a residual competitive effect between the antipsychotic and the radioligand to bind the receptor pocket. In contrast to density (B max ), the apparent affinity (K d value) was sensitive to the residual presence of antipsychotic drugs, although this effect was only observed for [ 3 H]LSD binding assays. The finding reasserts the use of agonist radiotracers to better detect the 5-HT 2A R occupation by psychedelic drugs. Receptor exploration in drug-free conditions is more feasible by PET imaging than by retrospective post-mortem binding studies. Indeed, most of the post-mortem studies evaluating 5-HT 2A Rs in schizophrenia have been performed in the brain of subjects under antipsychotic treatment, which probably led to inconclusive results (Supplementary Table). Besides this, when schizophrenia subjects were differentiated between those under antipsychotic treatment and those antipsychotic-free, the post-mortem radioligand studies demonstrated up-regulation of brain 5-HT 2A Rs identified by agonist/partial agonist radiotracers. Therefore, in order to discard eventual bias in post-mortem studies, independent and wellmatched groups of antipsychotic-free and antipsychotictreated subjects should be selected and independently analysed. Another potential confounding factor to consider in the present study is the fact that schizophrenia subjects died mostly from violent suicide mechanisms. Suicide has been proposed as a condition that could influence the evaluation of 5-HT 2A Rs. However, there are several studies in the frontal cortex of suicide victims with a variety of psychiatric disorders supporting that suicide unlikely represents a major confounder in 5-HT 2A R binding studies. In conclusion, the study and interpretation of 5-HT 2A R dysfunctions in schizophrenia requires a deep knowledge of the pharmacological properties of the candidate radiotracers. The distinction of 5-HT 2A R radiotracers between agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist may shed light on the, up to now, contradictory results. According to the different pharmacological profile, the present results and most of the studies would demonstrate an upregulation of the active functional 5-HT 2A R conformation in the brain of subjects with schizophrenia. The present results support the hypothesis that 5-HT 2A R molecular conformation and/or the receptor interaction with other synaptic proteins might be altered in schizophrenia. Moreover, as previously described, the antipsychotic treatment seems also to modify the Fig.Monomer and oligomer conformations of the 5-HT 2A R. The 5-HT 2A R is expressed as single monomers but also as receptor complexes constituted by two or more receptor units. The binding of a drug to one of the monomers of the complex could induce positive, negative or no cooperativity for the binding to other monomers with the complex. For example, the binding of the antagonist MDL100907 or the inverse agonist altanserin to one of the binding pockets of the homodimer introduces negative allosteric effects on the binding of the same drug to the second binding pocket. This negative cooperativity would prevent the identification of the total number of binding sites. In contrast, the binding of hallucinogenic 5-HT 2A R agonist such as (±)DOB and LSD to receptor homodimers does not modify the estimation of the total number of binding sites. Higher order 5-HT 2A R oligomeric and heteromeric complexes of 5-HT 2A Rs with other GPCRs are also feasible. functional state of 5-HT 2A Rs, trying to revert the alterations found in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects. Therefore, the development and in of agonist radiotracers in antipsychotic-naive patients should be encouraged to validate the 5-HT 2A R overactivity here proposed.
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