This case study (n=1) describes an immunocompetent male with neuropsychiatric Lyme disease who did not respond to conventional treatments. However, his symptoms improved when he started using psilocybin in sub-hallucinogenic doses. Psilocybin is both serotonergic and anti-inflammatory, which may benefit patients with mental illness secondary to autoimmune inflammation.
Lyme disease can result in severe neuropsychiatric symptoms that may be resistant to treatment. The pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease is associated with autoimmune induced neuroinflammation. This case report describes an immunocompetent male with serologically positive neuropsychiatric Lyme disease who did not tolerate antimicrobial or psychotropic medications and whose symptoms remitted when he began psilocybin in microdosed (sub-hallucinogenic) amounts. A literature review of its therapeutic benefits reveals that psilocybin is both serotonergic and anti-inflammatory and therefore may offer significant therapeutic benefits to patients with mental illness secondary to autoimmune inflammation. The role of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and autoimmune encephalopathies warrants further study.
Lyme borreliosis, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by Ixodes ticks, can produce persistent, multisystem illness in which neuropsychiatric complaints such as anxiety and depression may predominate. Co-infections transmitted by the same ticks — notably Bartonella spp., Babesia and Mycoplasma spp. — often complicate the clinical picture and may contribute to psychiatric manifestations. The pathophysiology described in the paper emphasises neuroinflammation and microbe-triggered autoimmunity, including the production of anti-neuronal antibodies and proinflammatory cytokines; this model has parallels with syndromes such as PANS and motivates a multimodal treatment approach combining antimicrobials, psychotropic agents and anti-inflammatory interventions. Kinderlehrer frames the present report around an apparent treatment gap: some patients with neuropsychiatric Lyme disease are intolerant of, or resistant to, standard antimicrobial and psychopharmacologic therapies, and options that modulate autoimmune neuroinflammation without broad immune suppression are limited. The study describes a single immunocompetent patient whose chronic, treatment-refractory neuropsychiatric symptoms remitted after he began microdosed psilocybin, and it situates this case against emerging literature that highlights both serotonergic and anti-inflammatory properties of psilocybin. The paper's stated aim is to document this clinical observation and to argue for further research on microdosed psilocybin in neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and related autoimmune encephalopathies.
Papers cited by this study that are also in Blossom
Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2021)
Moreno, F. A., Wiegand, C. B., Taitano, E. K. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (2006)
Yang, F., Yang, S., Tseng, P. et al. · Psychiatry Investigation (2021)
Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)
This paper is an individual case report. The subject was an immunocompetent 70-year-old male with documented polymicrobial tick-borne infection including neuroborreliosis, babesiosis (PCR positive), and evidence suggestive of bartonellosis. The extracted text does not present a formal case series or systematic data collection; rather, it provides a clinical history, diagnostic findings, treatment attempts, and the observed response to self-initiated microdosing. Intervention details reported: the patient began oral microdosing of desiccated whole psilocybin-containing mushrooms at 100 mg three times per week, with the dose increased to 125 mg after two weeks. Informed consent to publish the history was obtained from the patient; no institutional review was required according to the author. There was no formal comparator or control, and no pre-specified outcome measures beyond clinical symptom change as reported in the patient's history and follow-up. Follow-up described in the text extends to at least two years after starting microdosing, during which remission of depression and anxiety was maintained.
The case history traces symptom onset at age 46 with acute fever, rigors, myalgias, drenching sweats and splenomegaly; laboratory testing at that time was positive for acute Lyme disease. Initial treatment with oral doxycycline resolved the febrile episodes but the patient developed severe insomnia and anxiety that persisted despite multiple rounds of antibiotics (doxycycline, clarithromycin, cefuroxime) over ten months. Five years after onset, babesiosis was diagnosed by PCR; a three-week course of azithromycin plus atovaquone produced a Herxheimer reaction (a transient worsening of symptoms) with panic attacks but then symptom reduction. Over the subsequent two decades the patient experienced recurrent relapses characterised by anxiety, panic attacks, depression, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia and somatic symptoms (fatigue, neck pain, myalgias, night sweats), each relapse typically lasting about two years. Trials of antidepressants such as sertraline and mirtazapine were initially somewhat helpful but later not tolerated. At age 70 a relapse followed a change in antimicrobial regimen; he became unable to tolerate antimicrobials without clinical worsening, benzodiazepines increased depressive symptoms, and sertraline provided no benefit. The patient began microdosing psilocybin (100 mg orally three times weekly, increased to 125 mg after two weeks). Within two days there was a noticeable improvement in mood and by two weeks he was consistently well; the author reports sustained remission of depression and anxiety for at least two years while continuing the regimen. The patient had expected a possible benefit only after two weeks and estimated his chance of improvement at 50%, and therefore reported surprise at the rapid onset of benefit. The report also notes that the diagnosis of bartonellosis was supported by later response to SMZ-TMP and serologic testing, and throughout the history co-infections are presented as likely contributors to the persistent neuropsychiatric illness.
Kinderlehrer interprets the clinical course as most consistent with neuropsychiatric symptoms driven by tick-borne infections and associated autoimmune neuroinflammation. The discussion emphasises that co-infections are common in persistent Lyme disease and that symptom timing, lack of prior psychiatric history, clustering of physical and psychiatric relapses, and Herxheimer reactions all support an infective and immune-mediated aetiology rather than a primary idiopathic psychiatric disorder. Given that some patients with neuropsychiatric Lyme disease are intolerant of psychotropic agents and antimicrobials, the author argues for exploration of therapies that modulate inflammation without broad immunosuppression. Psilocybin is discussed in two mechanistic lights: as a serotonergic agonist (notably at 5-HT2A and other serotonin receptors) and as an agent with putative anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. The rapid clinical response in this case is presented as compatible with an anti-inflammatory mechanism, and the paper cites in vitro and review evidence that psilocybin-containing extracts can reduce proinflammatory mediators (for example TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in immune cells. The author reviews the limited and methodologically heterogeneous literature on microdosing, noting that most reports are anecdotal or open-label and subject to expectancy and placebo effects; controlled trials such as Cavanna et al have methodological limitations (small sample, short duration, dose choice and exclusion of people with anxiety or depression) that limit conclusions. Safety observations are summarised from prior macrodose studies — where short-term dysphoria or anxiety were the main adverse reactions and no long-term effects were reported over 8–16 months — and from microdosing reports that list short-term physical discomfort, impaired cognition and anxiety as the main harms. Overall, the paper acknowledges the anecdotal nature of the present observation and calls for prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that separately evaluate psilocybin and LSD, include subjects with anxiety and depression, and are adequately matched and of sufficient duration to assess both benefit and safety in populations with neuropsychiatric Lyme disease and autoimmune encephalopathies.
The author concludes that agents capable of modulating autoimmune neuroinflammation without suppressing immunity may have therapeutic value in neuropsychiatric Lyme disease. In this single case, an immunocompetent male with documented neuropsychiatric Lyme and co-infections experienced marked and sustained improvement in depression and anxiety after initiating microdosed psilocybin three times weekly. While evidence for macrodosed psilocybin in some psychiatric disorders is growing, evidence for microdosing remains limited and largely anecdotal; nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory properties of psilocybin may make it a candidate for further study in microbe-induced autoimmune neuropsychiatric syndromes. The paper closes by calling for rigorous double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in matched clinical populations to evaluate efficacy and safety in this difficult-to-treat group.
Lyme borreliosis is an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl). These bacteria are transmitted by Ixodes ticks and can generate multisystem complaints. Persistent infection, resulting in chronic neurological symptoms, is well documented.It is now appreciated that chronic infection with Bbsl can cause a host of psychiatric issues, and that neuropsychiatric complaints, particularly anxiety and depression, may dominate the clinical picture. In addition, chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis has been linked to eating disorders, addiction syndromes, violence, anhedonia, depersonalization, dissociative episodes, suicide, and illnesses that look like schizoaffective disorders and bipolar disease.The neurological manifestations of Lyme disease are often complicated by co-infections, other microbes that are additionally transmitted by Ixodes ticks and exacerbate the clinical picture. In particular, Bartonella spp. are associated with a wide range of mental health disorders including anxiety, panic disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias, eating disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, psychosis and personality disorders.Other tick-borne microbes including Babesia and Mycoplasma spp. may also engender mental health issues.The pathophysiology of mental health disorders as a result of these infections may be a result of multiple mechanisms. While neuroborreliosis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system or vascular disruption, most often it is associated with neuroinflammation from infection outside the nervous system. Persistent infection with Bbsl can result in the production of anti-neuronal antibodies and autoimmunity with the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and proinflammatory lipoproteins.There is increasing recognition that mood disorders may be linked to persistent infections and autoimmune illnesses.This pathophysiology is exemplified in patients with Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS), in which antineuronal antibodies generated by microbial triggers cross the blood brain barrier resulting in neuroinflammation; children suffering from PANS exhibit severe mood and behavioral symptoms.The treatment of Microbe-induced Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Syndromes (MANS) thus requires a trimodal approach: psychopharmacologic agents, antimicrobials, and anti-inflammatory agents. In the latter category, several interventions have exhibited some but limited success. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).There is compelling evidence that psilocybin has potential value in the treatment of some mental health conditions. Multiple studies have documented its effectiveness in patients with depression, anxiety syndromes, end of life anxiety, and suggested benefit in OCD and addiction disorders.Psilocybin is a serotonin agonist with an affinity for several serotonin receptors.In addition, psilocybin extracts are capable of down-regulating pro-inflammatory mediators and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity.These actions suggest that psilocybin has potential benefit in treating mental health issues associated with neuroinflammation.
A case is presented of an immunocompetent 70-year-old male diagnosed with polymicrobial tick-borne infections: neuroborreliosis, babesiosis and bartonellosis. His predominant symptoms were neuropsychiatric. The patient was not responding to antimicrobial or psychotropic pharmaceuticals, but symptoms remitted when treated with low intermittent doses of psilocybin-ie, microdosing. Informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this history. No institutional review was required.
This patient was well until the age of 46 when he experienced the acute onset of fever, rigors, drenching sweats and myalgias. These symptoms lasted three days then recurred weekly for the next two weeks. Physical examination was significant for splenomegaly, and laboratory tests were positive for acute Lyme disease (see Table). He was not aware of a tick attachment or a rash; he lived in eastern Massachusetts. Treatment was begun with oral doxycycline, and the recurrent febrile episodes remitted, but he subsequently developed severe insomnia and anxiety. Over the next ten months he was on continuous antibiotics with oral doxycycline, clarithromycin or cefuroxime, either alone or in combination. In addition to insomnia and anxiety he complained of myalgias, neck pain and drenching night sweats. He stopped antibiotics because there was no apparent benefit in his mood or physical symptoms. The subject did not have a family history of psychiatric illness, had no prior history of mood disorder, and had not experienced a stressful event that might precipitate mood issues. Five years after the onset of his illness he was diagnosed with babesiosis with PCR positivity (see Table). He took three weeks of azithromycin and atovaquone resulting in a Herxheimer reaction with panic attacks. At the end of three weeks his symptoms had lessened. Over the next two decades the patient continued to have partial remissions and relapses. The relapses manifested in anxiety, panic attacks, depression, cognitive dysfunction and insomnia, and were accompanied by fatigue, neck pain, myalgias and night sweats. The relapses typically lasted about two years. Antidepressants including sertraline and mirtazapine were somewhat helpful but over time were not tolerated. At some point the patient was clinically diagnosed). At 70 years old, the patient suffered a relapse when his antimicrobial regimen was changed. He again experienced severe depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulties, as well as a return of his physical symptoms. He could no longer tolerate any antimicrobials without making his symptoms worse. He was prescribed benzodiazepines for sleep and anxiety but they made the depression worse. Sertraline afforded no benefit. After suffering for three months, he began microdosing psilocybin (desiccated whole mushrooms) 100 mg orally three times a week, increasing the dose to 125 mg after two weeks. Within two days there was a noticeable improvement in mood. Within two weeks he was feeling consistently well again. He has continued this regimen and two years later his depression and anxiety continue to be in remission. When the subject began this treatment regimen, he was led to expect that it would take two weeks to have any benefit, if at all. He stated that he believed it had a 50% chance of helping him. He was genuinely surprised that he experienced benefits so quickly after starting the regimen.
Within three weeks of the acute onset of symptoms, this patient was diagnosed with Lyme disease, but despite antibiotics he continued to be symptomatic. It was only after being diagnosed with babesiosis that it became clear that he did not respond to the initial antimicrobials because of the presence of co-infections. In fact, the acute onset of high fevers, rigors and diaphoresis with splenomegaly is consistent with babesiosis and not with Lyme borreliosis. But since he continued to suffer from neuropsychiatric symptoms, he was subsequently also diagnosed with bartonellosis. This diagnosis was supported by his response to SMZ-TMP as well as subsequent serologic testing. The presence of co-infections in patients with persistent Lyme disease is more the rule than the exception.It is clear that the etiology of this subject's neuropsychiatric symptoms is the presence of tick-borne infections. The neuropsychiatric symptoms began within a month of the acute infection; the subject had no prior history of mood disorders; relapses in his mood issues were accompanied by physical symptoms consistent with the infections; Herxheimer reactions caused an exacerbation in neuropsychiatric symptoms; there was no family history of psychiatric disorders and no stressful event to account for a mood disorder. As noted previously, these tick-borne infections often result in significant neuropsychiatric symptoms. Patients with neuropsychiatric Lyme disease are often intolerant of psychotropic medication or resistant to their benefits.The underlying pathophysiology of autoimmune neuroinflammation suggests the need for additional pharmaceutical approaches. After a 40-year prohibition in the US of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, there has been renewed interest in their potential for therapeutic benefit. The preponderance of research in the past two decades has been in controlled clinical settings in which subjects are administered a single high dose of a hallucinogen while under the supervision of a therapist/guide. In 2018 the US Food and Drug Administration categorized psilocybin as "a breakthrough therapy" in the treatment of depression, a designation the agency applies to drugs that in early trials demonstrate substantial improvement over existing treatments.Microdosing is the practice of consuming very low, sub-hallucinogenic doses of a psychedelic substance on a regular basis. The intention of microdosing is to offer similar benefits to full dose psychedelic therapy, but without perceptual distortions, the need for clinical oversight, or the risk of a "bad trip".Microdosing has become increasingly popular. In one online microdosing forum that was begun in 2013, the number of subscribers rose to 40,000 in 2018 and 219,000 in October 2022.LSD and psilocybin continue to be listed as schedule I controlled substances, meaning legally they have no accepted therapeutic value. Nevertheless, possession of psilocybin has been decriminalized in many US cities and is on the ballot of many states to be legalized in clinical therapeutic settings; Oregon and Colorado have already done so.Typical full dose psilocybin psychotherapy ranges from 3.0 to 5.0 gm of dried mushroom as a single dose. The doses of psilocybin used in clinical studies refers to a synthetic version of the active purified derivative, O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine, a.k.a. psilocin, and averages 25 mg. for a single dose. Microdoses of psilocybin are commonly taken two to three times a week at doses of 0.1 to 0.3 gm of dried mushroom. While the concentration of the active substance varies among mushrooms, 25 mg of psilocin is roughly equivalent to 5 gm of dried mushroom. Therefore, a macrodose is anywhere from ten to fifty times more potent than a microdose. There are numerous reports in the medical literature regarding the therapeutic benefits of microdosed psilocybin in which recipients report reductions in stress, anxiety and depression as well as improvements in cognition and creativity.The majority of these reports have significant shortcomings: most are anecdotal or open-label research utilizing self-reported surveys; investigators generally included users of both microdosed LSD and psilocybin; and the positive outcomes could not consistently be distinguished from preexisting expectations or placebo effect.Clearly it would be preferable to perform prospective, controlled and blinded studies, and to do so on psilocybin and LSD separately. Cavanna et al performed a double-blind placebo-controlled study of psilocybin with 0.5 gm of ground dried mushroom administered two separate days for one week and a placebo of the same weight administered two separate days on a different week.There were 34 participants, and the sequence was randomized by a third party. The investigators documented subjective changes in the participants while on the active leg of the study, characterized only by the participants' capacity to distinguish the active vs placebo intervention. There were EEG changes (reduced activity in the theta band) in the active leg but the only other difference between the active and placebo arms was a slight impairment in cognition when taking the psilocybin. The authors concluded that alleged benefits of microdosing psilocybin are a placebo effect. The Cavanna study suffers from obvious shortcomings: the dose of 0.5 gm is over twice the average microdose; one week with two doses was an exceedingly short trial; there were only 34 participants; and the study design excluded subjects with a history of anxiety or depression. It is clear that studies based on self-reporting of subjective symptoms suffer from validation issues. In none of the studies described above are populations matched in the active vs placebo arms of the trials in terms of mental health issues. Indeed, it is difficult to quantify these subjective symptoms; outcomes are assessed by self-reporting that could suffer from expectations or inaccurate memories. The benefit of macrodosed psilocybin for some mental health disorders is well documented. However, thus far the evidence for similar benefits of microdosed psilocybin remains anecdotal. Clearly more research on the effectiveness of microdosing is warranted. The subject of this report maintains that he was not expecting any response to the microdose intervention, if any, for at least two weeks. Unexpectedly, he experienced a significant decrease in anxiety and depression within two days. In his case, this would appear to exclude a placebo effect. Most reports on psilocybin attribute its mental health benefits to its role as a serotonin agonist. Psilocybin has a high affinity for the serotonin receptor 5-HT 2A , and milder affinity for serotonin receptors 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2C , as well as other serotonin and non-serotonin receptors.While pretreatment with ketanserin, a 5-HT 2A antagonist, can block the psychomimetic effects of psilocybin,one animal study found that ketanserin did not appear to block its antidepressant action.In addition, stimulation of both the 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A receptors could be linked to striatal dopamine release, suggesting that psilocybin-induced psychotropic effects could be both dopaminergic and serotonergic.Less attention has been paid to the anti-inflammatory action of psilocybin, which could yield significant therapeutic benefit when mental health issues are associated with neuroinflammation. Serotonin is a known immune modulator as well as a neurotransmitter, suppressing the production of cytokines by human macrophages.Extracts of psilocybin containing mushrooms significantly inhibit the lipopolysaccharide production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and lowered IL-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 concentrations in human macrophage cells.In a review of the immunomodulatory effects of psychedelics, Thompson and Szabo have proposed that these agents hold the potential to "attenuate or even resolve autoimmunity".In the case presentation under discussion, the rapidity of the clinical response to microdosed psilocybin is consistent with the anti-inflammatory actions of this agent. Concerning safety issues, Studerus et al reviewed eight studies consisting of 110 human subjects, each of whom received one to four macrodoses of psilocybin.The only adverse reactions were short-term dysphoria and/or anxiety; these reactions were associated with the highest doses of psilocybin. The subjects were followed for eight to 16 months post psilocybin administration, and did not report any long-term side effects. The participants in those studies received ten to fifty times the amount of an average microdose. In studies of individuals who microdose, the only adverse reactions reported have been short-term physical discomfort, impaired cognition and anxiety.
Neuropsychiatric Lyme disease is associated with autoimmune neuroinflammation triggered by microbial infection. While antibiotics and psychopharmacologic agents are important arms of treatment, agents that can modulate the inflammatory response without immune suppression have therapeutic potential. In the present case presentation, an immunocompetent male with well documented neuropsychiatric Lyme disease experienced significant improvement soon after taking microdoses of psilocybin three times weekly. The therapeutic benefit of a single high dose of psilocybin in some mental health disorders administered while under the supervision of a therapist/guide has been well documented. While the evidence for therapeutic benefit in those who microdose has not been well authenticated, the anti-inflammatory action of psilocybin may be valuable in the treatment of autoimmune conditions in general and autoimmune neuroinflammation in particular. The present case history is the first to document the successful application of microdosed psilocybin in the treatment of mental health issues secondary to microbe induced autoimmune neuroinflammation. Clearly more research is warranted into the therapeutic potential of microdosing psilocybin in patients with mental health issues and autoimmunity. Ideally, studies will employ double blinded placebo-controlled investigations in which matched subjects include those with anxiety and depression. Similar research in patients suffering from neuropsychiatric Lyme and other autoimmune encephalopathies could yield effective therapeutic options in this difficult to treat population.
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