This case report describes a patient with treatment‑resistant depression and functional neurological disorder (mixed sensory‑motor paralysis of the left arm) who achieved remission of both conditions after treatment with esketamine nasal spray. It is, to the authors' knowledge, the first reported instance of functional neurological symptoms improving with esketamine, suggesting a potential therapeutic role that requires further study.
Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms and signs (either motor or sensory) that cannot be explained by any known medical or mental disease. It is frequently presented with psychiatric comorbidities, such as major depression. Its prognosis is poor, with low improvement or recovery rates at 1 year after their onset, and no particular treatment has demonstrated significant efficacy in this regard. Here, we describe the management of a patient affected by treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and FND characterized by mixed paralysis (sensory and motor) in the left arm, and who was successfully treated with esketamine nasal spray, achieving remission in both disorders. The US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency recently approved esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine, for treatment of TRD. It is a fast-acting drug that provides a rapid-onset improvement of depressive symptoms. We have presented the first case, to our knowledge, of functional neurological symptoms being successfully treated with esketamine in a patient with comorbid TRD. While the novelty of this data implies a clear need for further research, it is suggested that esketamine might be a useful tool for the treatment of FND, acting through different theorized mechanisms that are in tune with recent advances in knowledge of the etiopathology of FND.
Functional neurological disorder (FND), also referred to as conversion disorder, is a neuropsychiatric condition in which patients display motor or sensory symptoms that are not explained by identifiable neurological disease and that cause marked functional impairment. Vendrell-Serres and colleagues note that FND is common in both neurology and psychiatric settings, often co-occurs with mood and anxiety disorders (especially major depressive disorder), and has a generally poor prognosis with low rates of improvement at 1 year. The introduction emphasises that there is no established, consistently effective pharmacological treatment for FND and that evidence for psychological and physical therapies is limited or has modest effect sizes. This case report describes an individual with long-standing major depressive disorder who developed treatment-resistant depression (TRD) together with a one-year history of mixed sensory–motor paralysis of the left arm diagnosed as FND. The study sets out to describe the clinical course after administration of esketamine nasal spray, recently approved for TRD, and to explore possible mechanisms by which esketamine might ameliorate functional neurological symptoms. The authors present the case as, to their knowledge, the first published instance of FND improving after esketamine treatment, and position the report as a stimulus for further research into this potential indication.
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Niciu, M. J., Shovestul, B. J., Jaso, B. A. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2018)
Bryson, A., Carter, O., Norman, T. et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)
Butler, M., Seynaeve, M., Nicholson, T. R. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2020)
This paper is a single-patient case report from Vall d'Hebron University Hospital. The extracted text describes a 49-year-old man with chronic hypertension and a 20-year history of major depressive disorder who presented in October 2019 with a major depressive episode and abrupt onset mixed paralysis (sensory and motor) of the left upper limb. Neurological assessment included computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography, all reported as without pathological findings. The diagnosis of FND was based on clinical characteristics—rapid onset, attenuation with distraction, increase with attention, and incongruence with investigation results—and represented his first episode of functional paralysis. Before esketamine, the patient received multiple antidepressant strategies and adjuncts without adequate response: paroxetine (up to 60 mg/day) with clonazepam, later mirtazapine 15 mg with aripiprazole 15 mg, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) started in February 2020 (biweekly sessions), and subsequently venlafaxine titrated to 300 mg/day. Despite partial improvement in mood with some combinations, the functional motor symptoms persisted for about 1 year and caused substantial loss of autonomy. Esketamine nasal spray was initiated in October 2020 after informed consent for treatment and publication. The induction regimen began at 56 mg (two 28 mg devices) on day 1, increased to 84 mg (three devices) on day 2, then continued as 84 mg twice weekly for 4 weeks. Maintenance treatment was then given flexibly every 2 weeks. Clinical assessments reported in the extracted text include the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) for depressive symptoms and the Medical Research Council (MRC) power grade for muscular strength. Adverse-effect monitoring documented transient dissociative symptoms within 2 hours of dosing. As a case report, no statistical analyses or control comparisons were performed; the methods consist of clinical observation and longitudinal symptom measurement.
After the first esketamine session the patient showed rapid improvement in depressive symptoms, with sustained remission at 5 months while receiving maintenance dosing every 2 weeks (remission as indicated by MADRS scores reported in the paper's figure). Concomitantly, motor and sensory functional symptoms improved from the first treatment: within about 2 hours after administration the patient experienced almost complete recovery of mobility in the left upper limb, although a small diminution of effect occurred a few days after each session. Over follow-up the improvement persisted such that the patient ultimately regained full mobility, reported normal use of the limb in daily activities, demonstrated 5/5 muscle strength on the MRC scale and had complete resolution of numbness. Adverse effects were limited to mild dissociative symptoms after administration, which resolved completely within 2 hours; no other adverse events were reported in the extracted text. The authors note that before esketamine the patient required assistance with everyday activities, whereas after treatment he achieved increased autonomy. The extracted text refers to a figure summarising treatments and symptom progression but does not provide specific MADRS or numerical strength values beyond the MRC grade.
Vendrell-Serres and colleagues interpret this case as the first reported instance of FND improving after esketamine treatment in a patient with comorbid TRD, and they urge cautious consideration of its implications. They propose several non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that might account for the parallel improvement in depression and functional motor symptoms. One possibility is that alleviation of depressive symptoms contributed to remission of functional neurological signs, noting that psychiatric comorbidity is common in FND though causal links are not established. A second mechanism advanced by the authors is enhanced neuroplasticity: esketamine may stimulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, promoting synaptogenesis and restoration of synaptic function more directly or rapidly than conventional oral antidepressants. The rapid onset of both mood and motor improvements in this case is cited as consistent with such plasticity effects, though the authors observe some waning of motor benefit between doses and speculate that more frequent dosing might be required for FND. Third, the discussion highlights network-level and cognitive models: emotional (limbic) circuits and their influence on cortico–striato–thalamo–cortical circuits are implicated in FND, and esketamine's downstream glutamatergic effects overlap with mechanisms attributed to classic psychedelics that alter large-scale networks such as the default mode network. Changes in self-awareness, self-imagery and patients’ prior beliefs about symptoms—phenomena that can be influenced by suggestion or altered states of consciousness—are also proposed as relevant, with esketamine-induced dissociation potentially facilitating revision of maladaptive priors. Finally, the authors note that ketamine and related dissociative anaesthetics have analgesic effects and have been used in chronic pain, a condition with some clinical overlap with FND; other dissociative agents have shown preliminary promise in FND, which the authors cite as further support for investigating esketamine. Throughout, they acknowledge the novelty of a single-case observation and call for further research, while also observing that current therapeutic options for FND are limited and that additional study is warranted.
The authors conclude that this is, to their knowledge, the first report of improvement in functional neurological disorder following esketamine nasal spray treatment in a patient with comorbid treatment-resistant depression. They state that the finding is novel but preliminary, and that the lack of validated treatments and the generally poor prognosis of FND justify further investigation of esketamine for this indication. The conclusion reiterates that recent advances in understanding FND's aetiology provide theoretical support for exploring esketamine's potential benefits.
Functional neurological disorder (FND; also known as conversion disorder) is a complex neuropsychiatric condition characterized by the presence of one or more symptoms (either motor or sensory) that cannot be explained by any known medical or mental health condition, and that causes significant distress in different areas (e.g. social, occupational). Importantly, and as outlined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1 these symptoms are not deliberately generated or feigned by the patient; and although FND has been traditionally viewed as an exclusion diagnosis, new models based on the most recent evidence have proposed a positive diagnosis based on specific neurological signs, such as Hoover's sign.Evidence suggests a prevalence of up to 4-11 per 100,000 in the general population, increasing to 11-22 per 100,000 in primarily psychiatric settings, and reaching an estimation of 20% of all patients being treated at a neurologic outpatient clinic.Moreover, comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders is common; depressive and anxiety disorders being the most frequently found diagnoses. Personality disorders are also prevalent in these patients, as well as somatic symptoms disorders, and other medical and neurological disorders such as epilepsy.FND presents a poor outcome and prognosis, with low improvement and recovery rates 1 year after onset. In most studies, functional motor Improvement of functional neurological disorder after administration of esketamine nasal spray: a case report symptoms and functional seizures are the same or worse in the majority of patients at follow up, and the long duration of symptoms seems to be the most relevant predictor of a negative outcome.Despite the high prevalence and poor prognosis of this disorder, there is still a scarcity of effective options and no standard protocol for the treatment of FND. Two recent Cochrane reviews on the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for somatic symptom disorder, which include FND, concluded that only cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) might be more effective than placebo, although the effect size was small. No clear differences were found between any drug and placebo.Although randomized clinical trial evidence is limited, promising data are emerging, and a greater role for physical therapy has recently been recognized when motor symptoms predominate. Treatment of the aforementioned comorbidities frequently present in FND is also fundamental to a better outcome.According to the World Health Organization, major depressive disorder (MDD), the most common comorbidity of FND, is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Even with the many treatment options available for MDD, up to one third of patients do not adequately respond. Esketamine nasal spray (the S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine) has been developed as an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action and has recently been approved for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This glutamate-receptor antagonist selectively blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed on gamma-aminobutyric-acidergic inhibitory interneurons, leading to enhanced glutamatergic firing. This increases α-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor stimulation, leading to an array of molecular and cellular events, including increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. These changes are thought to induce production of synaptic proteins and synaptogenesis, and eventually restoration of synaptic function.The dosing schedule for esketamine nasal spray is different from previous treatments for TRD. It is divided into an induction phase and a maintenance phase. In the 4-week induction phase, dosing is flexible, with different doses recommended twice weekly depending on age and ethnicity. The maintenance phase begins after the initial 4 weeks, in which esketamine nasal spray can be administered flexibly: once a week, or every other week.We describe here the management of a patient affected by TRD and functional neurological disorder characterized by mixed paralysis (sensory and motor) in the left arm, who improved upon receiving treatment with esketamine nasal spray. To our knowledge, this indication has not been reported before in the literature.
We present a 49-year-old man with a history of chronic hypertension and a psychiatric history of MDD that was first diagnosed 20 years ago, whereupon he received treatment with paroxetine with good response, with later treatment withdrawal without relapse. He was admitted to the psychiatric emergency room at Vall d'Hebron University Hospital on October 2019 with a major depressive episode and limited mobility of the left limb, without identifying any potential triggering event. Neurological symptoms (of sudden onset) were characterized by a mixed paralysis (sensory and motor) affecting the left extremity, and were assessed by a psychiatrist and a neurologist. Complementary explorations were performed, including computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and electromyography, without pathological findings. Given the clinical features characterized by rapid onset, attenuation with distraction and increase with attention, as well as incongruence with the results of complementary tests, a FND was diagnosed, with paralysis of the left extremity. This was the first episode of functional paralysis and sensory loss for this patient. Upon first consultation, the patient was not receiving any pharmacological treatment. Paroxetine was prescribed, initially 20 mg/day and increased to 60 mg/day over the following month, adding up to 0.5 mg/8 h clonazepam, with little response. In January 2020, mirtazapine 15 mg was added at night, and boosted with aripiprazole 15 mg/day, together with the start of CBT in February 2020. CBT sessions were performed every 2 weeks and are ongoing; the main objective was to treat depression symptoms, but functional neurological symptoms were also addressed. During the ensuing months, the patient presented partial improvement of the depressive symptoms, but the functional neurological symptomatology persisted. In June 2020, we decided to switch the antidepressant to venlafaxine, up to 300 mg/day; again, with little response. In October 2020, we proposed treatment with esketamine nasal spray to the patient, who agreed and provided written informed consent for the treatment as well as publication of their medical data. Before starting treatment, paresis of the left extremity had persisted for 1 year, concurrent with numbness. There was a significant loss of strength and mobility, and major functional limitations and loss of autonomy, as a result of which, the patient needed help with everyday activities. Esketamine nasal spray medication was initiated on treatment day 1, beginning at a dose of 56 mg administered using two nasal spray devices (28 mg per device) with good tolerance, so on day 2, the dose was increased to 84 mg (three nasal spray devices). Thereafter, the patient received treatment at a dose of 84 mg twice a week for 4 weeks. After administration of esketamine, the patient presented mild dissociative symptoms. At 2 h after administration, the patient reported complete remission of dissociative symptomatology without presenting other adverse effects. The patient responded to the treatment from the first session with improvement of depressive symptoms. He is still in maintenance treatment, taking esketamine every 2 weeks, and, after 5 months' follow up, his depressive symptoms continue in remission (as shown in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale in Figure). Also, from the first treatment session, the patient presented an improvement in mobility of the left superior extremity, which persists. He has recovered full mobility, uses his limb in daily activity, and presents a 5/5 muscular strength, assessed using the Medical Research Council power grade. His numbness has also fully disappeared. Administered treatments and symptom progression over time are summarized in Figure. It should be noted that, during the first 2 h after administration, the patient presented an almost complete recovery of mobility, which slightly worsened a few days after the treatment session, although he was still able to perform tasks he was unable to before, and with a persistent increase in autonomy for daily activities, through to the present day.
To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of FND improvement after treatment with esketamine in a patient with comorbid TRD. Esketamine has recently been approved for the treatment of TRD. In addition to its antidepressant properties, esketamine is unique, as it allows rapid-onset improvement of depressive symptoms.It is the S-enantiomer of racemic ketamine, a well-known drug that has recently been shown to have robust antidepressant effects.However, primary use of ketamine was based on its anesthetic properties; it is still widely used for the treatment of chronic pain, and in critical care and surgical settings.Interestingly, ketamine and esketamine also have remarkable psychoactive effects, which might be related to their antidepressant properties.The degree of dissociation, depersonalization, and derealization induced by ketamine also seems to be related to the degree of response in depressed patients.While the novelty of this data clearly requires careful consideration of its implications, it suggests that esketamine might be a useful tool for the treatment of functional neurological disorders. We propose the possible involvement of the following action mechanisms that might be involved. First, in the case reported, the patient showed an improvement in depressive symptoms, parallel to the reversion of his functional motor symptoms. While there is insufficient evidence to support a causal correlation between psychiatric disorders and functional neurological symptoms, the latter are more prevalent in people presenting with the former. Moreover, the presence of stressors is known to be relevant, although not sufficient nor necessary, for the onset of both disorders.In line with the theory that there is a relationship between depression and FNDs, antidepressants are widely used for its treatment, although there is insufficient evidence to support this practice, and they should only be used when there is a comorbid psychiatric illness.Regarding esketamine, some studies suggest that it could improve brain plasticity via the stimulation of BDNF production and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Modulation of mTOR would stimulate additional BDNF production, resulting in increased brain plasticity (dendritic growth and improved synaptic transmission). Esketamine could have a more direct stimulation effect on BDNF and mTOR than the present oral ADs. This may explain the rapid onset of esketamine's effect, and also why the effects are maintained even after drug elimination.In our case, the patient presented a rapid improvement in depressive symptoms, which was maintained for the following days, as well as a rapid improvement in functional neurological symptoms, although in this case, there was a slight loss of effect between doses. This further reinforces the theory that the mechanisms of action for improvement are similar in the two disorders, although more frequent doses might be needed in functional neurological disorders. Secondly, several theories have attempted to ascertain the neurobiological basis of FND, with conflicting findings. However, emotional circuits, (mainly limbic networks), and their influence on the regulation ofcortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits, are thought to be relevant.Classic psychedelics, which act through serotoninergic agonism, but have similar downstream effects to esketamine via glutamatergic neurotransmission, have recently been proposed as plausible candidates to treat FND.One of the main theoretical frameworks in this regard lies in their capacity to influence neural networks, especially the default mode network.Thirdly, patient beliefs about their own symptoms seem to be important for prognosis of functional neurological symptoms.It has also been thought that FND and hypnotic states bear a resemblance to each other, and some recent evidence points in this direction, suggesting that self-awareness and self-imagery play a central role in this disorder.Suggestion techniques and altered states of consciousness such as those provided by esketamine, would foster a change in the patient's prior beliefs that could influence his/her self-imagery.Finally, while neither ketamine or esketamine have, to our knowledge, been tested before for functional neurological symptoms, ketamine has been shown to be efficacious for treating chronic pain,a condition that overlaps in several aspects with FND, and that has been shown to respond to similar treatments,which points to a possible role of their analgesic effects. Other dissociative anesthetics have also been tested for treatment of FNDs, with promising results, which further reinforces the possible role of the proposed mechanisms of action.
To our knowledge, this is the first report of an improvement in functional neurological symptom disorder in a patient affected by a comorbid TRD after treatment with esketamine. The novelty of this data warrants the need for further evidence on the use of esketamine for this indication. However, the absence of valid treatment options and the poor prognosis of FND should encourage further research in this direction. The most recent findings on the etiology of this condition might support the efficacy of this compound.
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Carhart-Harris, R. L., Friston, K. J. · Pharmacological Reviews (2019)
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