REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics
This theoretical paper (2019) introduces the ‘REBUS’ (Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics) model, integrating the free-energy principle with the entropic brain hypothesis. It proposes that psychedelics relax the precision weighting of high-level beliefs (priors), thereby liberating bottom-up information flow and enabling the revision of pathological or rigid thought patterns.
Authors
- Robin Carhart-Harris
- Karl John Friston
Published
Abstract
This paper formulates the action of psychedelics by integrating the free-energy principle and entropic brain hypothesis. We call this formulation relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) and the anarchic brain, founded on the principle that-via their entropic effect on spontaneous cortical activity-psychedelics work to relax the precision of high-level priors or beliefs, thereby liberating bottom-up information flow, particularly via intrinsic sources such as the limbic system. We assemble evidence for this model and show how it can explain a broad range of phenomena associated with the psychedelic experience. With regard to their potential therapeutic use, we propose that psychedelics work to relax the precision weighting of pathologically overweighted priors underpinning various expressions of mental illness. We propose that this process entails an increased sensitization of high-level priors to bottom-up signaling (stemming from intrinsic sources), and that this heightened sensitivity enables the potential revision and deweighting of overweighted priors. We end by discussing further implications of the model, such as that psychedelics can bring about the revision of other heavily weighted high-level priors, not directly related to mental health, such as those underlying partisan and/or overly-confident political, religious, and/or philosophical perspectives.
Research Summary of 'REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics'
Introduction
Psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin are regaining widespread scientific and public attention, yet a unifying account of how they alter brain function and consciousness remains lacking. Carhart-Harris and colleagues position their work at the intersection of two contemporary frameworks: the free-energy principle (and its operationalisation in hierarchical predictive coding) and the entropic brain hypothesis. The free-energy principle frames brain function as the minimisation of surprise via probabilistic internal models (priors), whereas the entropic brain hypothesis links the entropy of spontaneous neural activity to the richness of subjective experience; both approaches are naturally expressed in information-theoretic terms and are therefore amenable to empirical study. This paper sets out to synthesise those frameworks into a single mechanistic proposal, labelled REBUS (RElaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics) and its complement the anarchic brain. The core claim is that psychedelics, via agonism at the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR), relax the precision weighting (felt confidence) of high-level priors encoded in deep cortical hierarchies. This relaxation flattens the brain’s free-energy landscape, increases spontaneous cortical entropy, and liberates bottom-up information flow—changes that may explain the phenomenology of the psychedelic state and, when combined with appropriate context, promote revision of pathologically over-weighted beliefs relevant to psychiatric disorders.
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Carhart-Harris, R., & Friston, K. (2019). REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, 71(3), 316-344. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.118.017160
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