Trial PaperAnxiety DisordersDepressive DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD)Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Substance Use Disorders (SUD)Palliative & End-of-Life DistressPsilocybin

Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up

This open-label study (n=20) expands on earlier work by Carhart-Harris and colleagues on the use of psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Authors

  • James Rucker
  • Robin Carhart-Harris
  • David Nutt

Published

Psychopharmacology
individual Study

Abstract

Rationale

Recent clinical trials are reporting marked improvements in mental health outcomes with psychedelic drug-assisted psychotherapy.

Objectives

Here, we report on safety and efficacy outcomes for up to 6 months in an open-label trial of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression.

Methods

Twenty patients (six females) with (mostly) severe, unipolar, treatment-resistant major depression received two oral doses of psilocybin (10 and 25 mg, 7 days apart) in a supportive setting. Depressive symptoms were assessed from 1 week to 6 months post-treatment, with the self-rated QIDS-SR16 as the primary outcome measure.

Results

Treatment was generally well tolerated. Relative to baseline, marked reductions in depressive symptoms were observed for the first 5 weeks post-treatment (Cohen’s d = 2.2 at week 1 and 2.3 at week 5, both p < 0.001); nine and four patients met the criteria for response and remission at week 5. Results remained positive at 3 and 6 months (Cohen’s d = 1.5 and 1.4, respectively, both p < 0.001). No patients sought conventional antidepressant treatment within 5 weeks of psilocybin. Reductions in depressive symptoms at 5 weeks were predicted by the quality of the acute psychedelic experience.

Conclusions

Although limited conclusions can be drawn about treatment efficacy from open-label trials, tolerability was good, effect sizes large and symptom improvements appeared rapidly after just two psilocybin treatment sessions and remained significant 6 months post-treatment in a treatment-resistant cohort. Psilocybin represents a promising paradigm for unresponsive depression that warrants further research in double-blind randomised control trials.

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Research Summary of 'Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up'

Introduction

Psilocybin, a naturally occurring serotonergic psychedelic, has been investigated for a range of psychiatric indications and prior trials have reported improvements in depressive symptoms following psilocybin‑assisted psychotherapy. Previous work has also suggested therapeutic potential for other serotonergic psychedelics in conditions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder, addiction and anxiety related to terminal illness, and mechanistic interest centres on 5‑HT2A receptor agonism. Earlier clinical and historical studies, as well as laboratory findings, indicate both promise and complexity in how 5‑HT2A signalling relates to antidepressant effects. Carhart‑Harris and colleagues present an extension of their earlier pilot study in treatment‑resistant depression, increasing the sample from 12 to 20 patients and lengthening follow‑up from 3 to 6 months. The paper reports safety and efficacy outcomes from an open‑label feasibility trial in which two oral psilocybin doses were administered with structured psychological support; the main aim was to assess symptom change over time, tolerability and relationships between acute subjective experiences and longer‑term clinical outcomes.

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Study Details

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Psychedelic treatment of functional neurological disorder: a systematic review

Butler, M., Seynaeve, M., Nicholson, T. R. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2020)

Isness: Using Multi-Person VR to Design Peak Mystical Type Experiences Comparable to Psychedelics

Glowacki, D. R., Wonnacott, M. D., Freire, R. et al. · Association for Computing Machinery (2020)

32 cited
Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review

Aday, J. S., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K. et al. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2020)

Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination

Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Natural Psychoplastogens As Antidepressant Agents

Benko, J., Vranková, S. · Molecules (2020)

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience

Lewis, C. R., Preller, K. H., Braden, B. B. et al. · Biomedicines (2020)

24 cited
Acute effects of psilocybin on glutamate concentration levels, functional connectivity and subjective state

Mason, N. L., Feilding, A., Ramaekers, J. G. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis

Goldberg, S. B., Pace, B. T., Nicholas, C. R. et al. · Psychiatry Research (2020)

Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

121 cited
Classic psychedelics as therapeutics for psychiatric disorders

Nichols, C. D., Hendricks, P. S. · Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (2020)

Microdosing psychedelics: Motivations, subjective effects and harm reduction

Lea, T., Amada, N., Jungaberle, H. et al. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2020)

95 cited
From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner

Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)

131 cited
The Impact of Ayahuasca on Suicidality: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Araújo, D. B., Zeifman, R. J., Palhano-Fontes, F. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2019)

96 cited
Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat

Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M. et al. · Scientific Reports (2019)

126 cited
Toward a contextual psychedelic-assisted therapy: Perspectives from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science

Luoma, J. B., Sabucedo, P., Eriksson, J. et al. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2019)

Psychedelic microdosing benefits and challenges: an empirical codebook

Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Christopher, A. et al. · Harm Reduction Journal (2019)

Psychedelic drugs-a new era in psychiatry?

Nutt, D. J. · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (2019)

Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature.

Rocha, J. M., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2019)

How do psychedelics work?

Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Current Opinion in Psychiatry (2019)

49 cited
143 cited
DMT models the near-death experience

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents

Flanagan, T. W., Nichols, C. D. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin

Geiger, H. A., Wurst, M. G., Daniels, R. N. · ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2018)

Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure

Erritzoe, D., Roseman, L., Nour, M. R. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2018)

219 cited
Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach

Franquesa, A., Sainz-Cort, A., Gandy, S. et al. · Psychiatry Research (2018)

47 cited
Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Mescaline

Cassels, B. K., Sáez-Briones, P. · ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2018)

Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects

Swanson, L. R. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future

Rucker, J., Iliff, J., Nutt, D. J. · Neuropharmacology (2017)

Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping

Bøhling, F. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2017)

Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Goodwin, G. M. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)

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