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Home/Research/Ketamine/Set & Setting

Ketamine for Set & Setting

7 papers and 1 clinical trial exploring ketamine as a treatment for set & setting.

CompoundArylcyclohexylamine

Ketamine

A dissociative anesthetic with rapid-acting antidepressant properties, widely used in clinical settings for mood and pain disorders.

Full Ketamine profile
IndicationApproximately 264 million individuals worldwide suffer from depression, with many seeking innovative treatment options such as psychedelic-assisted therapy.

Set & Setting

The concept of 'set and setting' is critical in psychedelic research, influencing therapeutic outcomes in clinical environments. Creating optimal conditions is essential for maximising the efficacy and safety of psychedelic-assisted therapies, particularly in the context of mental health disorders.

Full Set & Setting profile

Academic Research

7 papers
Open Accessindividual

Rapid and sustained reduction of treatment-resistant PTSD symptoms after intravenous ketamine in a real-world, psychedelic paradigm

In a real-world sample of 117 treatment‑resistant PTSD outpatients, intravenous ketamine delivered within a supportive “psychedelic” paradigm (preparation, music, integration and psychotherapy) was associated with large, rapid and sustained reductions in PCL‑5 scores (mean 52.5 → 28.8, d = 1.64), with 75% showing clinically meaningful improvement and 62% meeting criteria for remission. Treatment was well tolerated with no serious adverse events, suggesting this delivery model may enhance ketamine’s effectiveness for refractory PTSD.

Published
April 2, 2024
Journal
OSF Preprints
Authors
Macconnel, H. A., Earleywine, M., Radowitz, S.
Open Accessindividual

Nature-themed video intervention may improve cardiovascular safety of psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder

In a pilot randomised controlled trial of 20 participants with alcohol use disorder, viewing a nature-themed "Visual Healing" video during preparation and the ascent/descent phases of 25 mg psilocybin sessions was feasible, safe and well tolerated. Compared with standard procedures (eyeshades and music), Visual Healing significantly attenuated peak post‑psilocybin blood pressure increases while producing similar psychedelic effects and reductions in alcohol use.

Published
September 18, 2023
Journal
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Authors
Heinzerling, K. G., Sergi, K., Linton, M., Rich, R., Youssef, B., Bentancourt, I., Bramen, J., Siddarth, P., Schwartzberg, L., Kelly, D. F., Ahmed, S.
Open Accessindividual

Holding on or letting go? Patient experiences of control, context, and care in oral esketamine treatment for treatment-resistant depression: A qualitative study

This qualitative IPA study of 17 patients with treatment‑resistant depression found that the key determinant of esketamine session experience and subsequent outcomes was patients’ ability to “let go” of control during overwhelming psychoactive effects, which was strongly shaped by preparation, emotional/physical support, and the treatment setting. The authors recommend better pre‑session education, optimised settings and targeted training for nurses/support staff to facilitate surrender and improve quality of care.

Published
November 25, 2022
Journal
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Authors
Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Kuin, B., Veraart, J. K. E., Kamphuis, J., Schimmel, N., van den Brink, W., Vermetten, E., Schoevers, R. A.
Open Accessindividual

Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

The paper proposes virtual reality (VR) as a full‑spectrum adjunct to psychedelic‑assisted psychotherapy, arguing VR can catalyse and shape altered states of consciousness—supporting relaxation, sensory modulation, mystical‑type experiences and therapeutic alliance—and outlines specific VR models for integration. The authors caution the idea is currently speculative, list potential harms (sensory overstimulation, cyber‑sickness, retraumatisation, distraction) and call for rigorous, evidence‑based evaluation before clinical adoption.

Published
March 4, 2022
Journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Authors
Sekula, A. D., Downey, L., Puspanathan, P.
Open Accessmeta

Ketamine as a Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review

This review (2021) explores the use of ketamine to treat Anorexia Nervosa (AN). The ability of ketamine to induce neuroplasticity, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis is discussed in relation to AN. Furthermore, the known antidepressant effects of ketamine may be beneficial to people with AN as depression is often experienced comorbidly.

Published
November 20, 2021
Journal
Nutrients
Authors
Keeler, J. L., Treasure, J., Juruena, M. F., Kan, C., Himmerich, H.
Open Accessindividual

This Is Something That Changed My Life: A Qualitative Study of Patients' Experiences in a Clinical Trial of Ketamine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders

In semi‑structured interviews with 12 participants from a Phase II randomised controlled trial, ketamine infusions delivered in a supportive clinical setting produced varied acute experiences—including dissociation, ego dissolution and mystical/spiritual states—that participants linked to transformative changes in their relationship with alcohol. The authors conclude these broader psychoactive effects may mediate therapeutic benefit and recommend developing measures that capture the full spectrum of ketamine experiences.

Published
August 16, 2021
Journal
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Authors
Mollaahmetoglu, O. M., Keeler, J., Ashbullby, K. J., Ketzitzidou-Argyri, E., Grabski, M., Morgan, C. J. A.

Clinical Trials

1 trial
WithdrawnPhase I/II

Connectivity Changes Associated With Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD

This single-arm, open-label trial (n=14) will investigate the effects of Ketamine Assisted Psychotherapy (KAP) on individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Started
December 31, 2023
Type
interventional
Blinding
none
Randomized
No
Registry ID
NCT06036511

Explore further

Search all Ketamine papers Search all Set & Setting trials Full Ketamine profile Full Set & Setting profile