Free University Amsterdam

Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU Amsterdam) is a major Dutch research university where neuroscientist Marco Aqil conducted the first psilocybin brain research in Amsterdam, demonstrating that psilocybin fundamentally alters visual processing by reducing cortical surround suppression. The university also hosts the Amsterdam Psychedelic Research Association (APRA) and offers an interdisciplinary honors course on the neuroscience, history, and therapeutic potential of psychedelics.