Pharmacological Interaction Between Clonidine and Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)

Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover with four experimental sessions. Clonidine (150 µg) or placebo is given 1 hour before MDMA (125 mg) or placebo to 16 healthy volunteers; subjective and cardiovascular responses and plasma pharmacokinetics are repeatedly assessed.

The study tests whether attenuation of norepinephrine release by clonidine reduces the subjective and physiological effects of MDMA, clarifying the role of noradrenergic signalling in MDMA responses.