Reimbursed Care Access in China

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (MDMA/“ecstasy” is controlled and enforcement is strict in China; possession, trafficking or non‑authorised use is subject to criminal or administrative penalties). #.

Esketamine (esketamine hydrochloride nasal spray, trade name Spravato/速开朗) has received NMPA marketing approval in China for a defined psychiatric indication and is regulated as a psychotropic/controlled medicinal product; its approval and rollout are accompanied by supervisory requirements for production, distribution and clinical use. Multiple Chinese regulatory and industry sources report NMPA approval and local regulatory guidance implementing controls on production, distribution and clinical use (announced April 2023; provincial/municipal regulators have issued follow‑up implementation notices). #. #.

Reimbursement and access: approval is for a defined clinical indication (adjunctive use as authorised in the product label) and the product is subject to the usual prescription/controlled‑drug logistics required by China’s drug and psychotropic‑substance regulations. There is no evidence of broad inclusion of esketamine in national basic medical insurance (NRCMS/UEBMI) as of the published approval notices; reimbursement is determined case‑by‑case (hospital formulary decisions, provincial procurement, and separate insurance negotiations). Local health authorities and hospital pharmacy/therapeutics committees control on‑site use, and specialty administration settings are typically required by provincial implementation guidance. #.

Ketamine (氯胺酮) is an authorised medical anaesthetic/analgesic in China and is widely used in hospitals for anaesthesia and other approved indications; it is listed in clinical practice and pharmacopoeial references and is regulated as a controlled substance, with production, distribution and in‑hospital use subject to national narcotics/psychotropic management rules. (Clinical literature and Chinese medical reviews describe ketamine’s routine use in anaesthesia, analgesia and expanding off‑label psychiatric applications such as low‑dose infusions for refractory depression, though off‑label psychiatric use is performed under physician responsibility and hospital governance). #. #.

Reimbursement and access specifics: ketamine is available through hospital pharmacies and licensed medical supply chains (for approved anaesthetic/analgesic indications) and is generally not reimbursed as a standardized, nationwide reimbursed psychedelic‑assisted therapy. When used for anaesthesia or other labeled indications, costs are covered according to normal hospital billing and regional insurance rules (i.e., inclusion on hospital formularies and provincial procurement lists influences reimbursement); for off‑label psychiatric use (e.g., low‑dose infusion for treatment‑resistant depression) this is typically delivered in private or tertiary hospital settings under institutional protocols and is billed as an off‑label medical service—coverage therefore depends on local hospital policy and patient insurance contract, and broad public reimbursement for ketamine psychiatric protocols is not established nationally. Clinical oversight, documentation and strict pharmaceutical control are required by regulators and hospital committees. #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (DMT and DMT‑containing preparations are controlled in China under national scheduling/psychotropic lists and enforcement is strict). #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (China’s 2015/ongoing controls on novel tryptamines and other non‑medical psychotropic substances include 5‑MeO‑DMT variants; possession or distribution outside authorised research or medical channels is prosecutable). #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (No authorised medical framework or reimbursement pathway exists for ibogaine in China; use is limited to approved scientific research if any). #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (Because ayahuasca preparations contain DMT and other controlled constituents, they are treated as illegal except within authorised scientific research). #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (Mescaline and peyote/cacti containing mescaline are controlled substances in China; non‑medical possession or distribution is prohibited). #.

Currently classified as a strictly controlled substance under national drug scheduling laws, with no authorized medical use outside of approved clinical research. (China’s lists and successive updates targeting emergent phenethylamine/arylalkylamine analogues include 2‑C series and other designer psychedelics; enforcement treats these as controlled psychotropic/narcotic analogues). #.