Top 10

Top 10 Ayahuasca Papers

Essential ayahuasca papers on depression, neuroscience, addiction, traditional use, safety, and clinical translation.

Published June 11, 2026

Ayahuasca research covers traditional and religious use, depression trials, neuroscience, addiction, ethics, and long-term psychological outcomes.

These papers help explain why ayahuasca matters scientifically: its clinical signals, unusual pharmacology, cultural context, and unresolved safety and regulation questions.

1

Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Psychological Medicine/2018/Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H. et al.
individualopenCited 814×

In a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of people with treatment-resistant depression, a single dose of ayahuasca produced rapid antidepressant effects versus placebo over the first week. 49 and higher response rates over the first week. The first controlled trial of a psychedelic in this population supports the safety and therapeutic potential of ayahuasca when dosed in an appropriate setting. For readers, the value is not just the result but the study design: it shows how ayahuasca research performs when tested under more structured clinical conditions.

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2

Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a preliminary report

brazilian Journal of Psychiatry/2015/Osório, F. L., Sanches, R. F., Macedo, L. et al.
individualopenCited 483×

The open-label study found that a single dose of ayahuasca has fast-acting anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in patients with a current depressive episode. It adds a concrete angle on ayahuasca research, helping readers understand the topic through evidence rather than broad claims alone. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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3

Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression a SPECT study

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology/2016/Sanches, R. F., Osório, F. L., Dos Santos, R. G. et al.
individualopenCited 461×

The open-label study found that a single dose of ayahuasca had significant antidepressant effects over the following weeks. It adds a concrete angle on ayahuasca research, helping readers understand the topic through evidence rather than broad claims alone. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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4

The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network

PLOS ONE/2015/Palhano-Fontes, F., Andrade, K. C., Tófoli, L.F. et al.
individualopenCited 458×

The open-label study investigated the effects of ayahuasca on the communication between brain networks of experienced users, and found a decrease in the activity of core structures of the Default Mode Network (DMN). Its main value is mechanistic: it helps connect subjective or clinical effects to biology instead of treating the drug experience as a black box. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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5

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in South American hallucinogenic plants: tryptamine and beta-carboline constituents of ayahuasca

Journal of Ethnopharmacology/1984/McKenna, D., Towers, G. H., Abbott, F.
individualopenCited 397×

The paper investigated the alkaloid composition of field samples, consisting of the bark and leaf specimens used for brewing ayahuasca, which were also compared directly with other ayahuasca mixtures. Their compositions were generally similar, with little variation in the constituents of brews made by different ayahuasqueros. It adds a concrete angle on ayahuasca research, helping readers understand the topic through evidence rather than broad claims alone. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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6

Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/2003/Riba, J., Valle, M., Urbano, G. et al.
individualopenCited 381×

This double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study investigated the subjective and cardiovascular effects and alkaloid pharmacokinetic properties of orally ingested ayahuasca in healthy volunteers. The time course of DMT plasma concentrations closely paralleled subjective effects. The pharmacokinetic results indicated a predominantly harmine-DMT interaction in the gastrointestinal tract and possibly in the liver. Its main value is mechanistic: it helps connect subjective or clinical effects to biology instead of treating the drug experience as a black box.

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7

Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: results from a preliminary observational study in Canada

Current Drug Abuse Reviews/2013/Thomas, G., Lucas, P., Rielle Capler, N. et al.
individualopenCited 323×

The observational study investigated the impact of ayahuasca-assisted group therapy within the context of a retreat ceremony, on self-reported and qualitative measures of mental health and addiction. Participants exhibited improved mindfulness, personal empowerment, and hopefulness, and reported less frequent use of cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco up to 4 weeks after the ceremony. Their intake of cannabis, sedatives, and opiates (e. methadone) did not change, however, these were not identified as the substances of primary concern by the majority of participants.

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8

Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: rationale and regulatory challenges

ACS Chemical Neuroscience/2004/McKenna, D.
metaopenCited 316×

The paper discusses ayahuasca as a possible therapeutic agent and details the challenges that need to be overcome for clinical studies using ayahuasca in the United States to become viable. It adds a concrete angle on ayahuasca research, helping readers understand the topic through evidence rather than broad claims alone. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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9

Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study

PLOS ONE/2012/Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S. et al.
individualopenCited 312×

The longitudinal field study assessed personality, mental health, life attitudes, and neuropsychological performance in a large number of long-term ritual ayahuasca users and control participants that were matched for age, sex, educational level, and religious background. Long-term ayahuasca use indicated a lower presence of psychopathological symptoms, better performance in neuropsychological tests, higher degrees of spirituality, and better psychosocial adaptation as reflected by some attitudinal traits such as Purpose in Life and Subjective Well-Being, and benefits on mental health were still observable in a one-year follow-up.

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10

Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years

Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology/2016/Dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. et al.
metaopenCited 303×

The review (1990–2015) found preliminary evidence from six small clinical trials that ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD have antidepressive, anxiolytic and antiaddictive effects and were well tolerated, including in treatment‑resistant cases; however, many studies were open‑label and underpowered, so larger randomised, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy. That makes it useful as a map of ayahuasca research: it shows where evidence clusters, where the field is thin, and which claims need more cautious reading. Together with the other papers here, it helps separate what is distinctive about ayahuasca research from claims that apply to psychedelics more broadly.

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How we choose these papers

These lists are curated by hand, not generated by an algorithm. We weigh citation counts, study quality, and lasting influence on the field, and we revisit each list as new research lands. Read more about how Blossom decides what to include in our curation explainer.