Trial PaperAnxiety DisordersDepressive DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD)Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)Ayahuasca

Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

In a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of 29 patients with treatment-resistant depression, a single dose of ayahuasca produced rapid antidepressant effects versus placebo at days 1, 2 and 7, with effect sizes increasing from Cohen’s d = 0.84 to 1.49 and higher response rates at day 7 (64% v. 27%). This first controlled trial of a psychedelic in this population supports the safety and therapeutic potential of ayahuasca when dosed in an appropriate setting.

Authors

  • Jamie Hallak
  • Luiz Tófoli
  • Rafael dos Santos

Published

Psychological Medicine
individual Study

Abstract

Background

Recent open-label trials show that psychedelics, such as ayahuasca, hold promise as fast-onset antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression.

Methods

To test the antidepressant effects of ayahuasca, we conducted a parallel-arm, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in 29 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Patients received a single dose of either ayahuasca or placebo. We assessed changes in depression severity with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating scale at baseline, and at 1 (D1), 2 (D2), and 7 (D7) days after dosing.

Results

We observed significant antidepressant effects of ayahuasca when compared with placebo at all-time points. MADRS scores were significantly lower in the ayahuasca group compared with placebo at D1 and D2 ( p = 0.04), and at D7 ( p < 0.0001). Between-group effect sizes increased from D1 to D7 (D1: Cohen's d = 0.84; D2: Cohen's d = 0.84; D7: Cohen's d = 1.49). Response rates were high for both groups at D1 and D2, and significantly higher in the ayahuasca group at D7 (64% v. 27%; p = 0.04). Remission rate showed a trend toward significance at D7 (36% v. 7%, p = 0.054).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first controlled trial to test a psychedelic substance in treatment-resistant depression. Overall, this study brings new evidence supporting the safety and therapeutic value of ayahuasca, dosed within an appropriate setting, to help treat depression. This study is registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02914769).

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Research Summary of 'Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial'

Introduction

Depression affects over 300 million people worldwide, and about one-third fail to respond to at least three adequate antidepressant trials. Most licensed antidepressants act on monoamine systems and require weeks to show benefit. By contrast, ketamine, an NMDA antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects that peak within a day and can last about a week. Interest has grown in serotonergic psychedelics as potential fast-acting treatments: open-label trials of ayahuasca and psilocybin have reported rapid reductions in depressive symptoms, but these studies lacked placebo controls and are vulnerable to large placebo responses. Palhano-Fontes and colleagues report a parallel-arm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial designed to test whether a single dose of ayahuasca produces rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. The investigators also explored correlations between antidepressant outcomes and acute psychedelic effects measured during the dosing session.

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Study Details

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New Insights into the Chemical Composition of Ayahuasca

Rodriguez, L., Lopez, A., Moyna, G. et al. · ACS Omega (2022)

Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression

Murphy, R., Murphy-Beiner, A., Kettner, H. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

162 cited
Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being: Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States

Raison, C. L., Jain, R., Jain, S. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

59 cited
Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil

Maia, L. O., Massarentti, C. M., Tófoli, L.F. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

28 cited
Evaluating the Potential Use of Serotonergic Psychedelics in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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30 cited
Classic Psychedelic Drugs: Update on Biological Mechanisms

Vollenweider, F. X., Smallridge, J. W. · Pharmacopsychiatry (2022)

71 cited
Therapeutic effect of an ayahuasca analogue in clinically depressed patients: a longitudinal observational study

Ramaekers, J. G. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

44 cited
Administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in psychedelic therapeutics and research and the study of endogenous DMT

Barker, S. A. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

43 cited
Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation

Schenberg, E. E., Gerber, K. · Transcultural Psychiatry (2022)

MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of US adults

Jones, G. M., Nock, M. K. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

Exploring the Credibility of Psilocybin-assisted Therapy and Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Depression

Altman, B. R., Earleywine, M., De Leo, J. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

4 cited
Ayahuasca, a psychedelic beverage, modulates neuroplasticity induced by ethanol in mice

Almeida, C. A. F., Pereira, B. P., Pereira Junior, A. A. et al. · Behavioural Brain Research (2022)

Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective

Dursun, S. M., Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

A phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteers

Reckweg, J., Mason, N. L., van Leeuwen, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

Examining Psychedelic-Induced Changes in Social Functioning and Connectedness in a Naturalistic Online Sample Using the Five-Factor Model of Personality

Nygart, V., Pommerencke, L. M., Carhart-Harris, R. L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms

Garcia-Romeu, A., Darcy, S., Jackson, H. et al. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2021)

The Power of Social Attribution: Perspectives on the Healing Efficacy of Ayahuasca

Brabec de Mori, B. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

12 cited
From Psychiatry to Neurology: Psychedelics as Prospective Therapeutics for Neurodegenerative Disorders

Nichols, C. D., Wiatr, K., Figiel, M. et al. · Journal of Neurochemistry (2021)

63 cited
Communalistic use of psychoactive plants as a bridge between traditional healing practices and Western medicine: A new path for the Global Mental Health movement

Ona, G., Berrada, A., Bouso, J. C. · Transcultural Psychiatry (2021)

Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on mental health and well-being in healthy ceremony attendants: A replication study

van Oorsouw, K., Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

17 cited
Classic Psychedelic Use and Mechanisms of Mental Health: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Spirituality and Emotion Processing on Symptoms of Anxiety, Depressed Mood, and Disordered Eating in a Community Sample

Lafrance, A., Strahan, E., Bird, B. M. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2021)

19 cited
Persisting effects of ayahuasca on empathy, creative thinking, decentering, personality, and well-being

Kiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

56 cited
Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy

Johnson, M. W., Gründer, G., Betzler, F. et al. · Current Addiction Reports (2021)

Ayahuasca Lyophilization (Freeze-drying) Protocol with Pre- and Post-procedure Alkaloids Quantification

Daldegan-Bueno, D., Favaro, V. M., Tófoli, L.F. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2021)

The effects of tryptamine psychedelics in the brain: a meta-analysis of functional and review of molecular imaging studies

Castelhano, J. M., Lima, G. M., Teixeira, M. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

Effects of ayahuasca on personality: results of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials in healthy volunteers

Dos Santos, R. G., Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

Increases in Psychological Flexibility Mediate Relationship Between Acute Psychedelic Effects and Decreases in Racial Trauma Symptoms Among People of Color

Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D. et al. · Chronic Stress (2021)

Turn on, Tune in, and Drop out: Predictors of Attrition in a Prospective Observational Cohort Study on Psychedelic Use

Hübner, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M. et al. · Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021)

Psychedelic drug use and schizotypy in young adults

Lebedev, A. V., Acar, K., Garzón, B. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

2 cited
Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential?

Kočárová, C., Horacek, J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

73 cited
Ayahuasca Improves Self-perception of Speech Performance in Subjects With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Rocha, J. M. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2021)

58 cited
Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian Retreats-Mental Health and Epigenetic Outcomes From a Six-Month Naturalistic Study

Ruffell, S. G. D., Netzband, N., Tsang, W. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

56 cited
Protocol for Outcome Evaluation of Ayahuasca-Assisted Addiction Treatment: The Case of Takiwasi Center

Rush, B., Marcus, O., García, S. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

19 cited
Relational Processes in Ayahuasca Groups of Palestinians and Israelis

Roseman, L., Ron, Y., Saca, A. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

30 cited
Symptom specificity of ayahuasca's effect on depressive symptoms

Gilbert, C. S., Earleywine, M., Mian, M. N. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

The Shipibo Ceremonial Use of Ayahuasca to Promote Well-Being: An Observational Study

González, D., Cantillo, J., Perez, I. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

Clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders: a systematic review

Romeo, B., Hermand, M., Pétillion, A. et al. · Journal of Psychiatric Research (2021)

60 cited
Effects of ayahuasca and its alkaloids on substance use disorders: an updated (2016-2020) systematic review of preclinical and human studies

Rodrigues, L. S., Rossi, G. N., Rocha, J. M. et al. · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (2021)

A Qualitative Study of Intention and Impact of Ayahuasca Use by Westerners

Bathje, G. J., Fenton, J., Pillersdorf, D. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2021)

18 cited
Effects of Ayahuasca on the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions in Naive Healthy Volunteers: A Pilot, Proof-of-Concept, Randomized Controlled Trial

Rocha, J. M., Rossi, G. N., de Lima Osório, F. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2021)

37 cited
Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness

Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

157 cited
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca

Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., Carter, N. T. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

53 cited
Naturalistic Use of Mescaline Is Associated with Self-Reported Psychiatric Improvements and Enduring Positive Life Changes

Agin-Liebes, G. I., Lancelotta, R., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Hallucinogenic/psychedelic 5HT2A receptor agonists as rapid antidepressant therapeutics: Evidence and mechanisms of action

Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E., Baker, G. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMT in a natural setting

Tagliazucchi, E., Zamberlan, F., Cavanna, F. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review

Zeifman, R. J., Singhal, N., Breslow, L. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats

Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Blinding and Expectancy Confounds in Psychedelic Randomised Controlled Trials

Muthukumaraswamy, S., Forsyth, B., Lumley, T. · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (2021)

Acute Psychological Adverse Reactions in First-Time Ritual Ayahuasca Users

Gómez-Sousa, M., Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Ona, G. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2021)

18 cited
Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics

Lawrence, D. W., Sharma, B., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2021)

Anti-inflammatory activity of ayahuasca and its implications for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric diseases

da Silva, M. G., Daros, G. C., de Bitencourt, R. M. · Behavioural Brain Research (2021)

15 cited
Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Marx, W., Sinclair, J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psychedelic Medicines in Major Depression: Progress and Future Challenges

Bouso, J. C., Ona, G., Dos Santos, R. G. et al. · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (2021)

Virtual Reality and Psychedelics for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disease: A Systematic Literature Review

Ortiz, M. I., Gómez-Busto, F. J. · Clinical Neuropsychiatry (2020)

Psychedelics and Psychotherapy

Nayak, S., Johnson, M. W. · Pharmacopsychiatry (2020)

The History of Psychedelics in Psychiatry

Nichols, D. E., Walter, H. · Pharmacopsychiatry (2020)

The ritual use of ayahuasca during treatment of severe physical illnesses: a qualitative study

Maia, L. O., Daldegan-Bueno, D., Tófoli, L.F. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

21 cited
Ketamine and Serotonergic Psychedelics: Common Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants

Kadriu, B., Greenwald, M., Ba et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies

Andersen, K. A. A., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2020)

Rapid and sustained decreases in suicidality following a single dose of ayahuasca among individuals with recurrent major depressive disorder: results from an open-label trial

Zeifman, R. J., Dos Santos, R. G., Sanches, R. F. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

67 cited
Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Goldberg, S. B., Shechet, B., Nicholas, C. R. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2020)

Psychedelics as a Novel Approach to Treating Autoimmune Conditions

Thompson, C., Szabo, A. · Immunology Letters (2020)

The Acute Effects of the Atypical Dissociative Hallucinogen Salvinorin A on Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain

Doss, M. K., May, D. G., Johnson, M. W. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Psilocybin-assisted group therapy for demoralized older long-term AIDS survivor men: An open-label safety and feasibility pilot study

Anderson, B. T., Danforth, A. L., Daroff, R. et al. · EClinicalMedicine (2020)

212 cited
Psychedelic drugs: neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders

Vollenweider, F. X., Preller, K. H. · Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2020)

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Krediet, E. et al. · CNS Drugs (2020)

Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation

Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

82 cited
Modulatory effects of ayahuasca on personality structure in a traditional framework

Netzband, N., Ruffell, S., Linton, &. S. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

Changes in inflammatory biomarkers are related to the antidepressant effects of Ayahuasca

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., de Menezes Galvão, A. C., de Almeida, R. N. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

84 cited
Historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders

Weston, N. M., Gibbs, D., Bird, C. I. V. et al. · Depression and Anxiety (2020)

A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy

Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

168 cited
Mystical Experiences in Retrospective Reports of First Times Using a Psychedelic in Finland

Kangaslampi, S., Hausen, A., Rauteenmaa, T. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

Subacute Effects of the Psychedelic Ayahuasca on the Salience and Default Mode Networks

Pasquini, L., Palhano-Fontes, F., Araújo, D. B. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses

Chi, T., Gold, J. A. · Journal of the Neurological Sciences (2020)

73 cited
Dissolving the self: Active inference, psychedelics, and ego-dissolution

Deane, G. · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences (2020)

Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users: A longitudinal and cross-sectional study combination

Jiménez-Garrido, D. F., Gómez-Sousa, M., Ona, G. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Natural Psychoplastogens As Antidepressant Agents

Benko, J., Vranková, S. · Molecules (2020)

Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Perceived outcomes of psychedelic microdosing as self-managed therapies for mental and substance use disorders

Lea, T., Jungaberle, H., Schecke, H. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

65 cited
Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

121 cited
Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings

Forstmann, M., Yudkin, D. A., Prosser, A. M. B. et al. · PNAS (2020)

Classic psychedelics as therapeutics for psychiatric disorders

Nichols, C. D., Hendricks, P. S. · Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience (2020)

Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms

Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2020)

Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment

Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., Szabo, A. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

86 cited
Embedding existential psychology within psychedelic science: reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics.

Moreton, S. G., Szalla, L., Menzies, R. E. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

47 cited
Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Schartner, M. et al. · Scientific Reports (2019)

The Impact of Ayahuasca on Suicidality: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Araújo, D. B., Zeifman, R. J., Palhano-Fontes, F. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2019)

96 cited
Toward a contextual psychedelic-assisted therapy: Perspectives from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science

Luoma, J. B., Sabucedo, P., Eriksson, J. et al. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2019)

Self-Rated Effectiveness of Microdosing With Psychedelics for Mental and Physical Health Problems Among Microdosers

Hutten, N. P. W., Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2019)

Acute effects of ayahuasca in a juvenile non-human primate model of depression

da Silva, F. S., Galvão-Coelho, N. L. · brazilian Journal of Psychiatry (2019)

38 cited
Modulation of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by a Single Dose of Ayahuasca: Observation From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., de Almeida, R. N., de Menezes Galvão, A. C. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2019)

Psychedelic drugs-a new era in psychiatry?

Nutt, D. J. · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience (2019)

Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Fire Erowid et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

211 cited
Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function

Johnson, M. W., Hendricks, P. S., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2019)

Serotonergic hallucinogens and recognition of facial emotion expressions: a systematic review of the literature.

Rocha, J. M., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2019)

Psychedelic medicine: The biology underlying the persisting psychedelic effects

Kuypers, K. P. C. · Medical Hypotheses (2019)

Effect of Ritualistic Consumption of Ayahuasca on Hepatic Function in Chronic Users

Mello, S. M., Soubhia, P. C., Silveira, G. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2018)

Psychiatry might need some psychedelic therapy

Johnson, M. W. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

Possible Interactions Between 5-HT2A Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System in Humans: Preliminary Evidence of Interactive Effects of Ayahuasca and Endocannabinoids in a Healthy Human Subject

Dos Santos, R. G., Crippa, J. A., Osório, F. L. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2018)

9 cited
An exploratory study of experiences with conventional eating disorder treatment and ceremonial ayahuasca for the healing of eating disorders

Renelli, M., Fletcher, J., Tupper, K. W. et al. · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity (2018)

68 cited
Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions

Richards, W. A., Garcia-Romeu, A. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

A Single Dose of 5-MeO-DMT Stimulates Cell Proliferation, Neuronal Survivability, Morphological and Functional Changes in Adult Mice Ventral Dentate Gyrus

Lima da Cruz, R. V., Moulin, T. C., Petiz, L. L. et al. · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (2018)

Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews

Dos Santos, R. G., Bouso, J. C., Hallak, J. E. · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (2018)

191 cited
DMT models the near-death experience

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

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