Psilocybin

Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin

Exploratory factor analysis of responses from 1,602 psilocybin users retained 30 items from the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and revealed a reliable four‑factor structure (unity/noetic/sacredness; positive mood; transcendence of time/space; ineffability), with convergent and construct validity and replication in an independent sample (N=440). These results provide initial evidence that the 30‑item MEQ is a valid, reliable tool for measuring single hallucinogen‑occasioned mystical experiences.

Authors

  • Roland Griffiths
  • Matthew Johnson
  • Katherine MacLean

Published

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
individual Study

Abstract

A large body of historical evidence describes the use of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psilocybin mushrooms, for religious purposes. But few scientific studies have attempted to measure or characterize hallucinogen‐occasioned spiritual experiences. The present study examined the factor structure of the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), a self‐report measure that has been used to assess the effects of hallucinogens in laboratory studies. Participants (N = 1,602) completed the 43‐item MEQ in reference to a mystical or profound experience they had had after ingesting psilocybin. Exploratory factor analysis of the MEQ retained 30 items and revealed a four‐factor structure covering the dimensions of classic mystical experience: unity, noetic quality, sacredness (F1); positive mood (F2); transcendence of time/space (F3); and ineffability (F4). MEQ factor scores showed good internal reliability and correlated with the Hood Mysticism Scale, indicating convergent validity. Participants who endorsed having had a mystical experience on psilocybin, compared to those who did not, had significantly higher factor scores, indicating construct validity. The four‐factor structure was confirmed in a second sample (N = 440) and demonstrated superior fit compared to alternative models. The results provide initial evidence of the validity, reliability, and factor structure of a 30‐item scale for measuring single, hallucinogen‐occasioned mystical experiences, which may be a useful tool in the scientific study of mysticism.

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Research Summary of 'Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin'

Introduction

Mystical experiences are reported across religious traditions and historical accounts, with prior questionnaire research identifying core features such as unity, sacredness, ineffability, peace and joy, transcendence of time and space, and a noetic sense of objective truth. Although lifetime measures of mysticism (for example, Hood's Mysticism Scale) have been studied psychometrically, relatively little empirical work has focused on single, discrete mystical events or on mystical experiences occasioned specifically by hallucinogens such as psilocybin. Recent laboratory studies indicate that psilocybin can reliably occasion mystical-type experiences that in some cases predict lasting increases in well-being, yet the principal self-report instrument used in that literature, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), had not been formally validated or factor-analysed for single event assessment. Maclean and colleagues set out to evaluate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the MEQ. Using a large web-based convenience sample of individuals who reported having had a profound experience after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms, the study aimed to (1) explore the latent factor structure of the 43-item MEQ via exploratory factor analysis (Study 1), (2) assess reliability and convergent and construct validity against the 32-item Mysticism Scale, and (3) test the resulting factor model in an independent sample using confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2). The goal was to produce a validated, reliable scale for quantifying single, hallucinogen-occasioned mystical experiences.

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Study Details

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An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use

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Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer

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Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans

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Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI)

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New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca

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Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter?

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