Trial PaperAnxiety DisordersDepressive DisordersTreatment-Resistant Depression (TRD)Psilocybin

Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

This open-label study (n=20) found that the quality of the psychedelic experience (10-25mg psilocybin, measured with the ASC -; specifically oceanic boundlessness) predicted therapeutic effect (lower depression scores).

Authors

  • Robin Carhart-Harris
  • David Nutt
  • Leor Roseman

Published

Frontiers in Pharmacology
individual Study

Abstract

Introduction

It is a basic principle of the “psychedelic” treatment model that the quality of the acute experience mediates long-term improvements in mental health. In the present paper, we sought to test this using data from a clinical trial assessing psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In line with previous reports, we hypothesized that the occurrence and magnitude of Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN) (sharing features with mystical-type experience) and Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED) (similar to anxiety) would predict long-term positive outcomes, whereas sensory perceptual effects would have negligible predictive value.

Materials and Methods

Twenty patients with treatment-resistant depression underwent treatment with psilocybin (two separate sessions: 10 and 25 mg psilocybin). The Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of experiences in the 25 mg psilocybin session. From the ASC, the dimensions OBN and DED were used to measure the mystical-type and challenging experiences, respectively. The Self-Reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR) at 5 weeks served as the endpoint clinical outcome measure, as in later time points some of the subjects had gone on to receive new treatments, thus confounding inferences. In a repeated measure ANOVA, Time was the within-subject factor (independent variable), with QIDS-SR as the within-subject dependent variable in baseline, 1-day, 1-week, 5-weeks. OBN and DED were independent variables. OBN-by-Time and DED-by-Time interactions were the primary outcomes of interest.

Results

For the interaction of OBN and DED with Time (QIDS-SR as dependent variable), the main effect and the effects at each time point compared to baseline were all significant (p = 0.002 and p = 0.003, respectively, for main effects), confirming our main hypothesis. Furthermore, Pearson's correlation of OBN with QIDS-SR (5 weeks) was specific compared to perceptual dimensions of the ASC (p < 0.05).

Discussion

This report further bolsters the view that the quality of the acute psychedelic experience is a key mediator of long-term changes in mental health. Future therapeutic work with psychedelics should recognize the essential importance of quality of experience in determining treatment efficacy and consider ways of enhancing mystical-type experiences and reducing anxiety.

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Research Summary of 'Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'

Introduction

Psychedelic-assisted therapy is conceptualised by the authors as a distinctive form of drug‑assisted psychotherapy in which a small number of high‑dose dosing sessions, embedded within psychological preparation and integration, are intended to facilitate a profound, potentially transformative psychological experience. Previous studies and clinical reports suggest that such profound or "mystical‑type" experiences, which can be measured with psychometric instruments developed from research on spontaneous and drug‑induced peak experiences, are predictive of longer‑term improvements in mental health across a range of indications. However, it has remained unclear whether specific dimensions of the acute psychedelic experience—particularly Oceanic Boundlessness (OBN, sharing features with mystical‑type experience) and Dread of Ego Dissolution (DED, related to anxiety and impaired cognition)—are the elements most strongly associated with therapeutic benefit, as distinct from more generic sensory/perceptual effects. Jha and colleagues therefore set out to test whether the quality of the acute psilocybin experience predicts subsequent reductions in depressive symptoms in a clinical sample with treatment‑resistant depression (TRD). The primary hypothesis was that higher OBN and lower DED during the high‑dose psilocybin session would predict greater improvement on the self‑rated Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS‑SR) at a 5‑week endpoint, and that the relationship between OBN and outcome would be stronger than that for perceptual dimensions of altered experience.

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Study Details

Related Clinical Trial

Completed

Imperial College London Open-Label Psilocybin Pilot for Treatment-Resistant Depression (Carhart-Harris / Lyons 2016–2018)

Open-label, uncontrolled pilot study of oral psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression at Imperial College London (Front Psychol 2018; Lyons T, Carhart-Harris RL; PMID 30369890; DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01721; also reported: Carhart-Harris et al. Lancet Psychiatry 2016 n=12, Neuropharmacology 2018 n=20). n=15 TRD patients + 15 healthy controls matched on age/gender/education. Patients: clinically assessed TRD. Intervention: oral psilocybin 10 mg (safety dose) one week before oral psilocybin 25 mg (treatment dose); unblinded, open-label. Outcomes in this paper: future-event forecasting (optimism bias test) at baseline and 1 week post-25 mg session; QIDS-SR depression at baseline and 1 week. Neither patients nor research team masked to treatment. UK regulatory/ethics approval obtained. No CT.gov registration found (searches by PMID, Carhart-Harris, and TRD+psilocybin+UK). Possible ISRCTN or NHS HRA registration not confirmed from available metadata.

Started
Type
interventional
Randomized
No
Registry ID
CARHART-HARRIS-2016-LANCETPSYCH-PSILOCYBIN-TRD-IMPERIAL

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Dosing and Therapeutic Conduct in Administration Sessions in Substance-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Systematized Review

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4 cited
On the need for metaphysics in psychedelic therapy and research

Sjöstedt-Hughes, P. · Frontiers in Psychology (2023)

An encounter with the self: A thematic and content analysis of the DMT experience from a naturalistic field study

Michael, P., Luke, D., Robinson, O. · Frontiers in Psychology (2023)

Psilocybin-assisted therapy for major depressive disorder: An exploratory placebo-controlled, fixed-order trial

Sloshower, J. A., Skosnik, P. D., Safi-Aghdam, H. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2023)

Investigation of self-treatment with lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin mushrooms: Findings from the Global Drug Survey 2020

Kopra, E., Ferris, J. A., Winstock, A. R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2023)

Subtypes of the psychedelic experience have reproducible and predictable effects on depression and anxiety symptoms

Nikolaidis, A., Lancelotta, R., Gukasyan, N. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2023)

Can psychedelics enhance group psychotherapy? A discussion on the therapeutic factors

Ponomarenko, P., Seragnoli, F., Calder, A. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2023)

Psychedelics and psychological strengths

Brasher, T., Rosen, D., Spinella, M. · International Journal of Wellbeing (2023)

Reconsidering “dissociation” as a predictor of antidepressant efficacy for esketamine

Mathai, D. S., Nayak, S., Yaden, D. B. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2023)

29 cited
Reduced death anxiety as a mediator of the relationship between acute subjective effects of psychedelics and improved subjective well-being

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Effective connectivity of functionally anticorrelated networks under LSD

Stoliker, D., Novelli, L., Vollenweider, F. X. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2023)

23 cited
Lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted therapy in patients with anxiety with and without a life-threatening illness A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase II study

Holze, F., Gasser, P., Müller, F. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2023)

Subacute effects of a single dose of psilocybin on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy humans: An open-label preliminary investigation

Burmester, D., Madsen, M. K., Szabo, A. et al. · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology (2023)

Optimizing outcomes in psilocybin therapy: Considerations in participant evaluation and preparation

Modlin, N. L., Miller, T. M., Rucker, J. J. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2023)

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral psilocybin administration in healthy participants

Holze, F., Becker, A. M., Kolaczynska, K. E. et al. · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2022)

Psychedelic Identity Shift: A Critical Approach to Set And Setting

Devenot, N., Seale-Feldman, A., Smith, E. et al. · Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal (2022)

28 cited
Underground ibogaine use for the treatment of substance use disorders: A qualitative analysis of subjective experiences

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Holding on or letting go? Patient experiences of control, context, and care in oral esketamine treatment for treatment-resistant depression: A qualitative study

Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Kuin, B. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

Body mass index (BMI) does not predict responses to psilocybin

Giribaldi, B., Lyons, T., Rosas, F. E. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

15 cited
Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for People with Eating Disorders

Gukasyan, N., Schreyer, C. C., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Current Psychiatry Reports (2022)

More than meets the eye: The role of sensory dimensions in psychedelic brain dynamics, experience, and therapeutics

Aqil, M., Roseman, L. · Neuropharmacology (2022)

Changes in mental health, wellbeing and personality following ayahuasca consumption: Results of a naturalistic longitudinal study

Perkins, D., Pagni, B. A., Sarris, J. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

40 cited
Therapeutic (Sub)stance: Current practice and therapeutic conduct in preparatory sessions in substance-assisted psychotherapy-A systematized review

Thal, S. B., Wieberneit, M., Sharbanee, J. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

Psychedelic therapy for depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kopra, E., Cleare, A. J., Rucker, J. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2022)

Lasting increases in trait mindfulness after psilocybin correlate positively with the mystical-type experience in healthy individuals

Madsen, M. K., Ozenne, B., Armand, S. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

24 cited
Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics

Cruzat, J., Perl, Y. S., Escrichs, A. et al. · Network Neuroscience (2022)

19 cited
Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder

Bogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S. R. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2022)

497 cited
Facing death, returning to life: A qualitative analysis of MDMA-assisted therapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening illness

Barone, W., Mitsunaga-Whitten, M., Blaustein, L. O. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

Being no one, being One: The role of ego-dissolution and connectedness in the therapeutic effects of psychedelic experience

Kałużna, A., Schlosser, M., Gulliksen Craste, E. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2022)

35 cited
Scoping Review of Experiential Measures from Psychedelic Research and Clinical Trials

Herrmann, Z., Earleywine, M., De Leo, J. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

Towards an understanding of psychedelic-induced neuroplasticity

Calder, A. E., Hasler, G. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2022)

Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis

Dourron, H. M., Strauss, C., Hendricks, P. S. · Pharmacological Reviews (2022)

Neural Mechanisms and Psychology of Psychedelic Ego Dissolution

Stoliker, D., Egan, G. F., Friston, K. J. et al. · Pharmacological Reviews (2022)

Effects of psilocybin versus escitalopram on rumination and thought suppression in depression

Barba, T., Buehler, S., Kettner, H. et al. · BJPsych Open (2022)

A Multidisciplinary Hypothesis about Serotonergic Psychedelics. Is it Possible that a Portion of Brain Serotonin Comes From the Gut?

Császár, N., Bob, P., Bókkon, I. · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience (2022)

7 cited
Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review

Breeksema, J. J., Kuin, B. W., Kamphuis, J. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

The Watts Connectedness Scale: a new scale for measuring a sense of connectedness to self, others, and world

Watts, R., Kettner, H., Gandy, S. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

Antidepressant effects of a psychedelic experience in a large prospective naturalistic sample

Nygart, V., Pommerencke, L. M., Haijen, E. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

46 cited
Reduced death anxiety and obsessive beliefs as mediators of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics on obsessive compulsive disorder symptomology

Moreton, S. G., Burden-Hill, A., Menzies, R. E. · Clinical Psychologist (2022)

The influence of ceremonial settings on mystical and challenging experiences occasioned by ayahuasca: A survey among ritualistic and religious ayahuasca users

Pontual, A. A. D. D., Tófoli, L. F., Corradi-Webster, C. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

Psychedelics, Mystical Experience, and Therapeutic Efficacy: A Systematic Review

Knight, G., Rucker, J., Cleare, A. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees

Kiraga, M. K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

20 cited
Participation in an indigenous Amazonian led ayahuasca retreat associated with increases in nature relatedness - a pilot study

Ruffell, S. G. D., Gandy, S., Tsang, W. et al. · Psyarxiv (2022)

Classic Psychedelics in Addiction Treatment: The Case for Psilocybin in Tobacco Smoking Cessation

Johnson, M. W. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2022)

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy-A Systematic Review of Associated Psychological Interventions

Cavarra, M., Falzone, A., Ramaekers, J. G. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

Language Models Learn Sentiment and Substance from 11,000 Psychoactive Experiences

Friedman, S. F., Ballentine, G. · Biorxiv (2022)

2 cited
Models of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Contemporary Assessment and an Introduction to EMBARK, a Transdiagnostic, Trans-Drug Model

Belser, A. B. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

57 cited
New insights into the clinical and nonclinical effects of psychedelic substances: An integrative review.

Forstmann, M., Sagioglou, C. · European Psychologist (2022)

The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences

Whitney, S., Yaden, D. B., Lipson, J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

Naturalistic use of psychedelics is related to emotional reactivity and self-consciousness: The mediating role of ego-dissolution and mystical experiences

Orłowski, P., Ruban, A., Szczypiński, J. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

Therapeutic Alliance and Rapport Modulate Responses to Psilocybin Assisted Therapy for Depression

Murphy, R., Murphy-Beiner, A., Kettner, H. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

162 cited
Predictors and potentiators of psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences

Gandy, S. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2022)

Towards psychedelic apprenticeship: Developing a gentle touch for the mediation and validation of psychedelic-induced insights and revelations

Timmermann, C., Watts, R., Dupuis, D. · Transcultural Psychiatry (2022)

95 cited
Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being: Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States

Raison, C. L., Jain, R., Jain, S. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

59 cited
Psilocybin-Induced Mystical-Type Experiences are Related to Persisting Positive Effects: A Quantitative and Qualitative Report

McCulloch, D. E-W., Madsen, M. K., Jensen, P. S. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

79 cited
Presence, Trust, and Empathy: Preferred Characteristics of Psychedelic Carers

Thal, S., Engels, L. B., Bright, S. J. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2022)

Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Sekula, A. D., Downey, L., Puspanathan, P. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

19 cited
Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects

Holze, F., Ley, L., Müller, F. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2022)

169 cited
The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT)

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Trajectory of Antidepressant Effects after Single- or Two-Dose Administration of Psilocybin: A Systematic Review and Multivariate Meta-Analysis

Yu, C. L., Liang, C. S., Yang, F. et al. · Journal of Clinical Medicine (2022)

Classic Psychedelic Drugs: Update on Biological Mechanisms

Vollenweider, F. X., Smallridge, J. W. · Pharmacopsychiatry (2022)

71 cited
Therapeutic effect of an ayahuasca analogue in clinically depressed patients: a longitudinal observational study

Ramaekers, J. G. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

44 cited
Validation of the Psychological Insight Scale: A new scale to assess psychological insight following a psychedelic experience

Peill, J. M., Trinci, K. E., Kettner, H. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2022)

Methodological challenges in psychedelic drug trials: Efficacy and safety of psilocybin in treatment-resistant major depression (EPIsoDE) - Rationale and study design

Mertens, L. J., Koslowski, M., Betzler, F. et al. · Neuroscience Applied (2022)

Effective Connectivity of LSD-induced Ego Dissolution

Stoliker, D., Novelli, L., Vollenweider, F. X. et al. · MedRvix (2021)

4 cited
Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective

Dursun, S. M., Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

A phase 1, dose-ranging study to assess safety and psychoactive effects of a vaporized 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine formulation (GH001) in healthy volunteers

Reckweg, J., Mason, N. L., van Leeuwen, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors

Strumila, R., Guillaume, S. · Pharmaceuticals (2021)

Acute effects of psilocybin after escitalopram or placebo pretreatment in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in healthy subjects

Becker, A. M., Holze, F., Grandinett, T. et al. · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2021)

Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey

Kuc, J., Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms

Garcia-Romeu, A., Darcy, S., Jackson, H. et al. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2021)

Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on mental health and well-being in healthy ceremony attendants: A replication study

van Oorsouw, K., Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

17 cited
Persisting effects of ayahuasca on empathy, creative thinking, decentering, personality, and well-being

Kiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

56 cited
Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy

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Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects

Holze, F., Caluori, T. V., Vizeli, P. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics: a dimensional approach

Kuiperes, Z., Schreiber, R. · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2021)

Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience

Madsen, M. K., Stenbaek, D. S., Arvidsson, A. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2021)

On Revelations and Revolutions: Drinking Ayahuasca Among Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation

Roseman, L., Karkabi, N. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

This Is Something That Changed My Life: A Qualitative Study of Patients' Experiences in a Clinical Trial of Ketamine Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorders

Mollaahmetoglu, O. M., Keeler, J., Ashbullby, K. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

Increases in Psychological Flexibility Mediate Relationship Between Acute Psychedelic Effects and Decreases in Racial Trauma Symptoms Among People of Color

Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D. et al. · Chronic Stress (2021)

Turn on, Tune in, and Drop out: Predictors of Attrition in a Prospective Observational Cohort Study on Psychedelic Use

Hübner, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M. et al. · Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021)

Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential?

Kočárová, C., Horacek, J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

73 cited
Trips and Neurotransmitters: Discovering Principled Patterns across 6,850 Hallucinogenic Experiences

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44 cited
Using Psychedelics With Therapeutic Intent Is Associated With Lower Shame and Complex Trauma Symptoms in Adults With Histories of Child Maltreatment

Healy, C. J., Lee, K. A. · Chronic Stress (2021)

Psilocybin as a Novel Pharmacotherapy for Treatment-Refractory Anorexia Nervosa

Rodan, S., Aouad, P., McGregor, I. S. et al. · OBM Neurobiology (2021)

An Encounter with the Other: A Thematic Analysis of Accounts of DMT Experiences from a Naturalistic Field Study

Michael, P., Luke, D., Robinson, O. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis

Vizeli, P., Straumann, I., Holze, F. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

40 cited
The epidemiology of mescaline use: Pattern of use, motivations for consumption, and perceived consequences, benefits, and acute and enduring subjective effects

Uthaug, M. V., Davis, A. K., Davis, D. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

49 cited
Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science

Sanders, J. W. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Clinical and biological predictors of psychedelic response in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders: a systematic review

Romeo, B., Hermand, M., Pétillion, A. et al. · Journal of Psychiatric Research (2021)

60 cited
Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder

Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2021)

1015 cited
A Qualitative Study of Intention and Impact of Ayahuasca Use by Westerners

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18 cited
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R. et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2021)

927 cited
Harnessing psilocybin: antidepressant-like behavioral and synaptic actions of psilocybin are independent of 5-HT2R activation in mice

Hesselgrave, N., Troppoli, T. A., Wulff, A. B. et al. · PNAS (2021)

A qualitative and quantitative account of patient’s experiences of ketamine and its antidepressant properties

Sumner, R. L., Chacko, E., Mcmillan, R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

51 cited
Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness

Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

157 cited
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca

Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., Carter, N. T. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

53 cited
Naturalistic Use of Mescaline Is Associated with Self-Reported Psychiatric Improvements and Enduring Positive Life Changes

Agin-Liebes, G. I., Lancelotta, R., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice

Payne, J. E., Chambers, R., Liknaitzky, P. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

55 cited
Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMT in a natural setting

Tagliazucchi, E., Zamberlan, F., Cavanna, F. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

Predicting Reactions to Psychedelic Drugs: A Systematic Review of States and Traits Related to Acute Drug Effects

Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Dose-response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans

Hirschfeld, T., Schmidt, T. T. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches

Garcia-Romeu, A., Barrett, F. S., Carbonaro, T. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psychedelic drugs and perception: a narrative review of the first era of research

Aday, J. S., Bloesch, E. K., Wood, J. R. et al. · Reviews In The Neuroscience (2021)

LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain

Luppi, A. I., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L. et al. · NeuroImage (2021)

141 cited
Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing

Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

112 cited
Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., Marx, W., Sinclair, J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD

Davis, A. K., Streeter Barrett, F., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

108 cited
Ethical Concerns about Psilocybin Intellectual Property

Gerber, K., Flores, I. G., Ruiz, A. C. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects

Yaden, D. B., Griffiths, R. R. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences

Williams, T. M., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y. et al. · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy (2020)

The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics May Not Be Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects

Olson, D. E. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

Ketamine and Serotonergic Psychedelics: Common Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants

Kadriu, B., Greenwald, M., Ba et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Pivotal Mental States

Brouwer, A., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies

Andersen, K. A. A., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2020)

Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects

Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Ley, L. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

192 cited
Potential safety, benefits, and influence of the placebo effect in microdosing psychedelic drugs: A systematic review

Ona, G., Bouso, J. C. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2020)

The Emerging Role of Psilocybin and MDMA in the Treatment of Mental Illness

Gill, H., Gill, B., Chen-Li, D. et al. · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (2020)

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Krediet, E. et al. · CNS Drugs (2020)

Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation

Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Watts, R. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

82 cited
Mystical Experiences in Retrospective Reports of First Times Using a Psychedelic in Finland

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A potential role for psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Jacobs, E. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2020)

Updating the dynamic framework of thought: Creativity and psychedelics

Girn, M., Mills, C., Roseman, L. et al. · NeuroImage (2020)

Broadening Your Mind to Include Others: The relationship between serotonergic psychedelic experiences and maladaptive narcissism

Van Mulukom, V., Patterson, R. E., Van Elk, M. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

Compassionate use of psychedelics

Greif, A., Šurkala, M. · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy (2020)

Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin

Smith, W. R., Sisti, D. · Journal of Medical Ethics (2020)

Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin

Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Reckweg, J. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Psychedelic Psychiatry’s Brave New World

Nutt, D. J., Erritzoe, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Cell (2020)

Dissolving the self: Active inference, psychedelics, and ego-dissolution

Deane, G. · Philosophy and the Mind Sciences (2020)

Reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of PTSD

Krediet, E., Bostoen, T., Breeksema, J. J. et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities.

Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C. R., Anderson, T. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

55 cited
Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience

Lewis, C. R., Preller, K. H., Braden, B. B. et al. · Biomedicines (2020)

24 cited
Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin

Barrett, F. S., Doss, M. K., Sepeda, N. D. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Acute effects of psilocybin on glutamate concentration levels, functional connectivity and subjective state

Mason, N. L., Feilding, A., Ramaekers, J. G. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials

Fuentes, J. J., Fonseca, F., Elices, M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings

Forstmann, M., Yudkin, D. A., Prosser, A. M. B. et al. · PNAS (2020)

Therapeutic mechanisms of psilocybin: Changes in amygdala and prefrontal functional connectivity during emotional processing after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Mertens, L. J., Wall, M. B., Roseman, L. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

155 cited
Psychological flexibility mediates the relations between acute psychedelic effects and subjective decreases in depression and anxiety

Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., Griffiths, R. R. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2020)

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers

Family, N., Maillet, E. L., Williams, L. T. J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner

Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)

131 cited
Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment

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86 cited
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States and traits related to the quality and consequences of psychedelic experiences

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DMT models the near-death experience

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