Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)

This study conducted a psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV). Data (n=591) was pooled from 43 different studies. The analyses showed that the originally proposed model did not fit the data well and new (lower order) scales were constructed, which have better psychometric properties.

Authors

  • Franz Vollenweider
  • Erich Studerus

Published

PLOS ONE
meta Study

Abstract

Background: The OAV questionnaire has been developed to integrate research on altered states of consciousness (ASC). It measures three primary and one secondary dimensions of ASC that are hypothesized to be invariant across ASC induction methods. The OAV rating scale has been in use for more than 20 years and applied internationally in a broad range of research fields, yet its factorial structure has never been tested by structural equation modeling techniques and its psychometric properties have never been examined in large samples of experimentally induced ASC.Methodology/Principal Findings: The present study conducted a psychometric evaluation of the OAV in a sample of psilocybin (n = 327), ketamine (n = 162), and MDMA (n = 102) induced ASC that was obtained by pooling data from 43 experimental studies. The factorial structure was examined by confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, hierarchical item clustering (ICLUST), and multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) modeling. The originally proposed model did not fit the data well even if zero-constraints on non-target factor loadings and residual correlations were relaxed. Furthermore, ICLUST suggested that the “oceanic boundlessness” and “visionary restructuralization” factors could be combined on a high level of the construct hierarchy. However, because these factors were multidimensional, we extracted and examined 11 new lower order factors. MIMIC modeling indicated that these factors were highly measurement invariant across drugs, settings, questionnaire versions, and sexes. The new factors were also demonstrated to have improved homogeneities, satisfactory reliabilities, discriminant and convergent validities, and to differentiate well among the three drug groups.Conclusions/Significance: The original scales of the OAV were shown to be multidimensional constructs. Eleven new lower order scales were constructed and demonstrated to have desirable psychometric properties. The new lower order scales are most likely better suited to assess drug induced ASC.

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Research Summary of 'Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV)'

Introduction

Altered states of consciousness (ASC) are transient deviations from usual waking experience that can be induced pharmacologically (eg, psilocybin, ketamine, MDMA), by clinical conditions, or by non-pharmacological means. Dittrich and colleagues developed the APZ questionnaire and later revised versions (OAV, 5D-ASC) to capture etiology-independent dimensions of ASC. The OAV was intended to measure three primary dimensions—oceanic boundlessness (OBN), dread of ego dissolution (DED) and visionary restructuralization (VRS)—plus a general alteration factor (G-ASC). Despite widespread use across languages and study contexts, earlier validations relied largely on exploratory methods, small samples, and item sets/analyses that carry known statistical limitations (eg, binary items, use of Pearson correlations for dichotomous data), so the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the OAV have not been tested with modern latent-variable methods in large samples of experimentally induced ASC. Studerus and colleagues set out to re-evaluate the OAV using structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques on a large pooled data set of experimentally induced ASC. The principal aims were to test the originally proposed three-factor model with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM), to explore lower-order facets using hierarchical item clustering (ICLUST), to assess measurement invariance across drugs, settings, questionnaire versions and sex using multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) modelling, and to derive and evaluate new, psychometrically defensible subscales where appropriate.

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Study Details

  • Study Type
    meta
  • Journal
    PLOS ONE
  • Authors
    Franz VollenweiderErich Studerus
  • APA Citation

    Studerus, E., Gamma, A., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV). PLoS ONE, 5(8), e12412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012412

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van Oorsouw, K., Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

17 cited
Psilocin, LSD, mescaline, and DOB all induce broadband desynchronization of EEG and disconnection in rats with robust translational validity

Vejmola, Č., Tylš, F., Piorecká, V. et al. · Translational Psychiatry (2021)

Persisting effects of ayahuasca on empathy, creative thinking, decentering, personality, and well-being

Kiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

56 cited
Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution

Rodríguez Arce, J. M., Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder

Luoma, J. B., Lear, M. K. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

Safety pharmacology of acute LSD administration in healthy subjects

Holze, F., Caluori, T. V., Vizeli, P. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience

Madsen, M. K., Stenbaek, D. S., Arvidsson, A. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2021)

Turn on, Tune in, and Drop out: Predictors of Attrition in a Prospective Observational Cohort Study on Psychedelic Use

Hübner, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M. et al. · Journal of Medical Internet Research (2021)

Transcriptomics-informed large-scale cortical model captures topography of pharmacological neuroimaging effects of LSD

Burt, J. B., Preller, K. H., Demirtaş, M. et al. · eLife (2021)

Trips and Neurotransmitters: Discovering Principled Patterns across 6,850 Hallucinogenic Experiences

Ballentine, G., Friedman, S. F., Bzdok, D. · Science Advances (2021)

44 cited
LSD, madness and healing: Mystical experiences as possible link between psychosis model and therapy model

Wießner, I., Falchi, M., Palhano-Fontes, F. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2021)

Psilocybin Induces Aberrant Prediction Error Processing of Tactile Mismatch Responses-A Simultaneous EEG-FMRI Study

Duerler, P., Brem, S., Fraga-González, G. et al. · Cerebral Cortex (2021)

The chemical induction of synaesthesia

Luke, D., Lungu, L., Friday, R. et al. · Human Psychopharmacology (2021)

Catalysts for change: the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics

Bement, W., Banks, M. I., Zahid, Z. et al. · Molecular Biology of the Cell (2021)

31 cited
Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis

Vizeli, P., Straumann, I., Holze, F. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

40 cited
Moving Past Mysticism in Psychedelic Science

Sanders, J. W. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Spontaneous and deliberate creative cognition during and after psilocybin exposure

Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Reckweg, J. T. et al. · Translational Psychiatry (2021)

86 cited
A qualitative and quantitative account of patient’s experiences of ketamine and its antidepressant properties

Sumner, R. L., Chacko, E., Mcmillan, R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

51 cited
Prediction of MDMA response in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies

Studerus, E., Vizeli, P., Harder, S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

50 cited
LSD and ketanserin and their impact on the human autonomic nervous system

Olbrich, S., Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Psychophysiology (2021)

25 cited
Psychedelic Communitas: Intersubjective experience during psychedelic group sessions predicts enduring changes in psychological wellbeing and social connectedness

Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

157 cited
Neural Correlates of the Shamanic State of Consciousness

Pasquini, L., Luke, D., Harris, R. E. et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2021)

Baseline power of theta oscillations predicts mystical-type experiences induced by DMT in a natural setting

Tagliazucchi, E., Zamberlan, F., Cavanna, F. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats

Uthaug, M. V., Mason, N. L., Toennes, S. W. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Dose-response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans

Hirschfeld, T., Schmidt, T. T. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings

Pallavicini, C., Cavanna, F., Zamberlan, F. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain

Luppi, A. I., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L. et al. · NeuroImage (2021)

141 cited
Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals

McCulloch, D. E-W., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing

Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

112 cited
Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD

Davis, A. K., Streeter Barrett, F., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

108 cited
Making “bad trips” good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences

Gashi, L., Sandberg, S., Pedersen, W. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2021)

The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics May Not Be Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects

Olson, D. E. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

Mood and cognition after administration of low LSD doses in healthy volunteers: A placebo controlled dose-effect finding study

Hutten, N. R. P. W., Mason, N. L., Dolder, P. C. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

95 cited
Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies

Andersen, K. A. A., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2020)

Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects

Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Ley, L. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

192 cited
Acute subjective effects in LSD- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

Schmid, Y., Gasser, P., Oehen, P. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

72 cited
Psychedelic drugs: neurobiology and potential for treatment of psychiatric disorders

Vollenweider, F. X., Preller, K. H. · Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2020)

P300-mediated modulations in self-other processing under psychedelic psilocybin are related to connectedness and changed meaning: A window into the self-other overlap

Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2020)

2 cited
Subjective features of the psilocybin experience that may account for its self-administration by humans: a double-blind comparison of psilocybin and dextromethorphan

Carbonaro, T. M., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

Integrating psychotherapy and psychopharmacology: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and other combined treatments

Greenway, K. T., Garel, N., Jerome, L. et al. · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (2020)

Updating the dynamic framework of thought: Creativity and psychedelics

Girn, M., Mills, C., Roseman, L. et al. · NeuroImage (2020)

Me, myself, bye: regional alterations in glutamate and the experience of ego dissolution with psilocybin

Mason, N. L., Kuypers, K. P. C., Reckweg, J. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

A single psilocybin dose is associated with long-term increased mindfulness, preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding

Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., Stenbæk, D. S. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Tripping on nothing: placebo psychedelics and contextual factors

Olson, J. A., Suissa-Rocheleau, L., Lifshitz, M. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

Self-reported negative outcomes of psilocybin users: A quantitative textual analysis

Bienemann, B., Ruschel, N. S., Campos, M. L. et al. · PLOS ONE (2020)

57 cited
Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience

Lewis, C. R., Preller, K. H., Braden, B. B. et al. · Biomedicines (2020)

24 cited
Acute effects of psilocybin on glutamate concentration levels, functional connectivity and subjective state

Mason, N. L., Feilding, A., Ramaekers, J. G. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a therapeutic frame

Sloshower, J., Guss, J., Krause, R. et al. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2020)

Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers

Family, N., Maillet, E. L., Williams, L. T. J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner

Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)

131 cited
Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment

Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., Szabo, A. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

86 cited
Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine in healthy subjects.

Holze, F., Vizeli, P., Müller, F. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2019)

214 cited
Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat

Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M. et al. · Scientific Reports (2019)

126 cited
Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the emotional breakthrough inventory

Roseman, L., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Idialu-Ikato, K. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

Effects of the psychedelic amphetamine MDA (3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) in healthy volunteers

Baggott, M. J., Garrison, K. J., Coyle, J. R. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2019)

A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics

Polito, V., Stevenson, R. J. · PLOS ONE (2019)

197 cited
Effective connectivity changes in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness in humans

Preller, K. H., Razi, A., Zeidman, P. et al. · PNAS (2019)

Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels

Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., Burmester, D. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2019)

Predicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study

Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

339 cited
The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: A Preliminary Study of the Association Between the Reported Subjective Effects and the Binding Affinity Profiles of Substituted Phenethylamines and Tryptamines

Zamberlan, F., Sanz, C., Pallavicini, C. et al. · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (2018)

Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor

Preller, K. H., Burt, J. B., Adkinson, B. et al. · eLife (2018)

Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state

Bayne, T., Carter, O. · Neuroscience of Consciousness (2018)

106 cited
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness

Milliere, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews

Dos Santos, R. G., Bouso, J. C., Hallak, J. E. · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (2018)

191 cited
DMT models the near-death experience

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: effects on cognition

Barrett, F. S., Carbonaro, T. M., Hurwitz, E. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2018)

78 cited
The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act

Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R., Hendricks, P. S. et al. · Neuropharmacology (2018)

Pharmacological fMRI: Effects of subanesthetic ketamine on resting-state functional connectivity in the default mode network, salience network, dorsal attention network and executive control network

Mueller, F., Musso, F., London, M. et al. · NeuroImage (2018)

Role of the 5-HT2A Receptor in Self- and Other-Initiated Social Interaction in Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-Induced States: A Pharmacological fMRI Study

Preller, K. H., Schilbach, L., Pokorny, T. et al. · Journal of Neuroscience (2018)

Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects

Swanson, L. R. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

The psychedelic debriefing in alcohol dependence treatment: illustrating key change phenomena through qualitative content analysis of clinical sessions

Kraehenmann, R., Nielson, E. M., May, D. G. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy

Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Raine, J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2018)

213 cited
Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Altered network hub connectivity after acute LSD administration

Müller, F., Dolder, P. C., Schmidt, A. et al. · NeuroImage (2018)

142 cited
LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation

Sumiyoshi, T., Kraehenmann, R., Pokorny, D. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2017)

Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, &. M., Day, C. M. J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

Psilocybin with psychological support improves emotional face recognition in treatment-resistant depression

Stroud, J., Freeman, T. P., Leech, R. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

88 cited
Acute LSD effects on response inhibition neural networks

Schmidt, A., Müller, F., Lenz, C. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2017)

Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms

Barrett, F. S., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. · Personality and Individual Differences (2017)

78 cited
Two dose investigation of the 5-HT-agonist psilocybin on relative and global cerebral blood flow

Lewis, C. R., Preller, K. H., Kraehenmann, R. et al. · NeuroImage (2017)

74 cited
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences: Hypotheses from Evolutionary Psychology

Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2017)

Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine

Kyzar, E. J., Nichols, C. D., Gainetdinov, R. R. et al. · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2017)

Increased thalamic resting state connectivity as a core driver of LSD-induced hallucinations

Lenz, C., Dolder, P. C., Lang, U. E. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2017)

Long-lasting subjective effects of LSD in normal subjects

Schmid, Y., Liechti, M. E. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping

Bøhling, F. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2017)

Effect of psilocybin on empathy and moral decision-making

Pokorny, T., Preller, K. H., Kometer, M. et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)

155 cited
Direct comparison of the acute subjective, emotional, autonomic, and endocrine effects of MDMA, methylphenidate, and modafinil in healthy subjects

Dolder, P. C., Müller, F., Schmid, Y. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

111 cited
Looking for the Self: Phenomenology, Neurophysiology and Philosophical Significance of Drug-induced Ego Dissolution

Millière, R. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2017)

The psychological and human brain effects of music in combination with psychedelic drugs

Kaelen, M. · Imperial College London (2017)

Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States

Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms

Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J. M. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans

Liechti, M. E., Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y. · Psychopharmacology (2016)

190 cited
Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

Carbonaro, T. M., Bradstreet, M. P., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

Measuring the subjective: revisiting the psychometric properties of three rating scales that assess the acute effects of hallucinogens

Bouso, J. C., Pedrero-Pérez, E. J., Gandy, S. · Human Psychopharmacology (2016)

42 cited
Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J. et al. · Lancet Psychiatry (2016)

1174 cited
Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI)

Nour, M. R., Evans, J., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2016)

LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change

Lebedev, A. V., Kaelen, M., L€ Ovd En, M. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2016)

292 cited
LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion

Roseman, L., Sereno, M. I., Leech, R. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2016)

Effects of serotonin 2A/1A receptor stimulation on social exclusion processing

Preller, K. H., Pokorny, D., Hock, A. et al. · PNAS (2016)

Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L. et al. · PNAS (2016)

Increased global functional connectivity correlates with LSD-induced ego dissolution

Tagliazucchi, E., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M. et al. · Current Biology (2016)

Psychedelics

Nichols, D. E. · Pharmacological Reviews (2016)

The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2016)

253 cited
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca

McKenna, D., Riba, J. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2016)

Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations

Kometer, M., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects

Schmid, Y., Enzler, F., Gasser, P. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2015)

Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations

Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2015)

Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin

Lebedev, A. V., L€ Ovd En, M., Rosenthal, G. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2015)

Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences

Majic, T., Schmidt, T. T., Gallinat, J. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2015)

A qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an FMRI environment

Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2015)

50 cited
Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens

Halberstadt, A. L. · Behavioural Brain Research (2014)

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

Luke, D. P., Terhune, D. B. · Frontiers in Psychology (2013)

α₁-Adrenergic receptors contribute to the acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans

Hysek, C. M., Fink, A., Simmler, L. D. et al. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2013)

47 cited
Spatiotemporal Brain Dynamics of Emotional Face Processing Modulations Induced by the Serotonin 1A/2A Receptor Agonist Psilocybin

Bernasconi, F. ;., Schmidt, A. ;., Pokorny, T. ;. et al. · Cerebral Cortex (2013)

Can MDMA Play a Role in the Treatment of Substance Abuse?

Jerome, L., Schuster, S., Yazar-Klosinski, B. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2013)

Use of the Classic Hallucinogen Psilocybin for Treatment of Existential Distress Associated with Cancer

Grob, C. S., Bossis, A. P., Griffiths, R. R. · Preprints (2013)

Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin

MacLean, K. A., Leoutsakos, J. S., Johnson, M. W. et al. · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (2012)

350 cited
Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors

Kometer, M., Schmidt, A., Bachmann, R. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2012)

Durability of improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and absence of harmful effects or drug dependency after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy: a prospective long-term follow-up study

Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2012)

346 cited
Animal models of serotonergic psychedelics

Hanks, J. B., González-Maeso, J. · ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2012)

Genuine and drug-induced synesthesia: a comparison

Sinke, C., Halpern, J. H., Zedler, M. et al. · Consciousness and Cognition (2012)

The NMDA antagonist ketamine and the 5-HT agonist psilocybin produce dissociable effects on structural encoding of emotional face expressions

Schmidt, A., Kometer, M., Bachmann, R. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2012)

Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers

Studerus, E., Gamma, A., Kometer, M. et al. · PLOS ONE (2012)

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