Depressive DisordersAnxiety DisordersTobacco/Nicotine Use Disorder (TUD)Substance Use Disorders (SUD)Headache Disorders (Cluster & Migraine)Palliative & End-of-Life DistressNeuroimaging & Brain MeasuresImmunology & InflammationChronic PainPsilocybinLSDDMTMescalineMDMA

Psychedelics

This paper is the most comprehensive review of psychedelics research up to 2016 by the eminent David E. Nichols.

Authors

  • David Nichols

Published

Pharmacological Reviews
meta Study

Abstract

Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain’s default mode network.

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Research Summary of 'Psychedelics'

Introduction

Serotonergic hallucinogens — commonly termed psychedelics — are powerful psychoactive substances whose use predates written history and which were employed across ancient cultures in sociocultural and ritual contexts. Following Albert Hofmann's accidental discovery of LSD in 1943 and the near-simultaneous identification of serotonin in the brain, a first era of intensive research produced more than a thousand clinical publications involving approximately 40,000 patients — before regulatory restrictions imposed by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 brought clinical investigation to an abrupt halt. This comprehensive narrative review, authored by David Nichols and published in Pharmacological Reviews in 2016, aimed to synthesise the full breadth of the preclinical and clinical psychedelic literature: covering historical and anthropological context, pharmacological mechanisms of action at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, glutamatergic and GABAergic interactions, brain-regional neuroanatomy, validated animal models, safety and adverse effects, and the emerging clinical renaissance across therapeutic applications including depression, addiction, cluster headache, and immune modulation.

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Altered States of Consciousness During Ceremonial San Pedro Use

Bohn, A., Kiggen, M. H. H., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion (2022)

Hopelessness, Suicidality, and Co-Occurring Substance Use among Adolescent Hallucinogen Users-A National Survey Study

Desai, S., Jain, V., Xavier, S. et al. · Children (2022)

5 cited
A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Psychedelic Experience

Guss, J. · Psychoanalytic Dialogues (2022)

Lasting increases in trait mindfulness after psilocybin correlate positively with the mystical-type experience in healthy individuals

Madsen, M. K., Ozenne, B., Armand, S. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

24 cited
Effects of classic psychedelic drugs on turbulent signatures in brain dynamics

Cruzat, J., Perl, Y. S., Escrichs, A. et al. · Network Neuroscience (2022)

19 cited
Scoping Review of Experiential Measures from Psychedelic Research and Clinical Trials

Herrmann, Z., Earleywine, M., De Leo, J. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

A long trip into the universe: Psychedelics and space travel

Lerer, L. B., Varia, J. · Frontiers in Space Travel (2022)

2 cited
Psychedelics and mindfulness: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Radakovic, C., Radakovic, R., Peryer, G. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2022)

Macrodosing to microdosing with psychedelics: Clinical, social, and cultural perspectives

Kaypak, A. C., Raz, A. · Transcultural Psychiatry (2022)

Psychedelics as potent anti-inflammatory therapeutics

Nichols, C. D. · Neuropharmacology (2022)

A Dose of Creativity: An Integrative Review of the Effects of Serotonergic Psychedelics on Creativity

Costa, M. A. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

Reduced death anxiety and obsessive beliefs as mediators of the therapeutic effects of psychedelics on obsessive compulsive disorder symptomology

Moreton, S. G., Burden-Hill, A., Menzies, R. E. · Clinical Psychologist (2022)

The effects of ketamine and classic hallucinogens on neurotrophic and inflammatory markers in unipolar treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review of clinical trials

Rossi, G. N., Hallak, J. E., Baker, G. et al. · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (2022)

Opening to Awe: Psychedelic-Assisted Self-Transcendence and Positive Adult Development

Arnaud, K. O. S., Sharpe. D. · Journal of Adult Development (2022)

Psychedelic replications in virtual reality and their potential as a therapeutic instrument: an open-label feasibility study

Kaup, K. K., Vasser, M., Tulver, K. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2022)

Effect of Psilocybin and Ketamine on Brain Neurotransmitters, Glutamate Receptors, DNA and Rat Behavior

Wojtas, A., Bysiek, A., Wawrzczak-Bargiela, A. et al. · International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2022)

79 cited
Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study

Hartong, V., van Emmerik, A. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

Interest in receiving psychedelic-assisted therapy among marginalized women: Implications and findings from a community-based study in Canada

Argento, E., Goldenberg, S., Deering, K. et al. · Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2022)

4 cited
The Psychedelic Integration Scales: Tools for Measuring Psychedelic Integration Behaviors and Experiences

Whitney, S., Yaden, D. B., Lipson, J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

Psychedelic Resting-state Neuroimaging: A Review and Perspective on Balancing Replication and Novel Analyses

McCulloch, D. E-W., Knudsen, G. M., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2022)

LSD, afterglow and hangover: Increased episodic memory and verbal fluency, decreased cognitive flexibility

Wießner, I., Olivieri, R., Falchi, M. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2022)

Differential contributions of serotonergic and dopaminergic functional connectivity to the phenomenology of LSD

Lawn, T., Dipasquale, O., Vamvakas, A. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

40 cited
Language as a Window Into the Altered State of Consciousness Elicited by Psychedelic Drugs

Tagliazucchi, E. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

Psychedelic Cognition-The Unreached Frontier of Psychedelic Science

Balaet, M. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2022)

Virtual Reality as a Moderator of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Sekula, A. D., Downey, L., Puspanathan, P. · Frontiers in Psychology (2022)

19 cited
Asymmetry in Psychoactive Research: A Bibliometric Study on 15 Psychoactive Drugs

Lebrero-Tatay, J., Sebag, A., Ezquerra-Romano, I. I. · Journal of Drug Issues (2022)

Receptor Interaction Profiles of 4-Alkoxy-3,5-Dimethoxy-Phenethylamines (Mescaline Derivatives) and Related Amphetamines

Kolaczynska, K. E., Luethi, D., Trachsel, D. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)

11 cited
A retrospective analysis of the “Neverending Trip” after administration of a potent full agonist of 5-HT2A receptor - 25I-NBOMe

Schetz, D., Schetz, A., Kocić, I. · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (2022)

6 cited
Flashback phenomena after administration of LSD and psilocybin in controlled studies with healthy participants

Müller, F., Holze, F., Becker, A. M. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

Administration of N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in psychedelic therapeutics and research and the study of endogenous DMT

Barker, S. A. · Psychopharmacology (2022)

43 cited
Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Psychedelic-Induced Neuroplasticity

Olson, D. E. · Biochemistry (2022)

95 cited
Human Cortical Serotonin 2A Receptor Occupancy by Psilocybin Measured Using [11C]MDL 100,907 Dynamic PET and a Resting-State fMRI-Based Brain Parcellation

Barrett, F. S., Zhou, Y., Carbonaro, T. M. et al. · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics (2022)

The Psychedelic Renaissance in Clinical Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Three Decades of Human Studies with Classical Psychedelics

Hadar, A., David, J., Shalit, N. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2022)

The emerging science of microdosing: A systematic review of research on low dose psychedelics (1955 - 2021)

Polito, V., Liknaitzky, P. · Psyarxiv (2021)

Psychedelic Therapy's Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective

Dursun, S. M., Kelly, J. R., Gillan, C. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy for Substance Use Disorders and Potential Mechanisms of Action

Rieser, N. M., Herdener, M. ;., Preller, K. H. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2021)

Models of psychedelic drug action: modulation of cortical-subcortical circuits

Doss, M. K., Madden, M. B., Gaddis, A. et al. · Brain (2021)

Toward a positive psychology of psychoactive drug use

Arnaud, K. O. S. · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy (2021)

Psilocybin-assisted therapy for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorder (PsiDeR): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial

Rucker, J., Jafari, H., Mantingh, T. et al. · BMJ Open (2021)

Psilocybin, a Naturally Occurring Indoleamine Compound, Could Be Useful to Prevent Suicidal Behaviors

Strumila, R., Guillaume, S. · Pharmaceuticals (2021)

Psychedelic experience dose-dependently modulated by cannabis: results of a prospective online survey

Kuc, J., Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psychedelics as Novel Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Potential Mechanisms

Garcia-Romeu, A., Darcy, S., Jackson, H. et al. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2021)

Day trip to hell: A mixed methods study of challenging psychedelic experiences

Johnstad, P. G. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

43 cited
Lifetime use of psychedelics is associated with better mental health indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cavanna, F., Pallavicini, C., Milano, V. et al. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

Bridging the Gap? Altered Thalamocortical Connectivity in Psychotic and Psychedelic States

Avram, M., Rogg, H., Korda, A. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

35 cited
Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity

Torregrossa, M. M., Lu, J., Lukasiewicz, K. et al. · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience (2021)

Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy

Johnson, M. W., Gründer, G., Betzler, F. et al. · Current Addiction Reports (2021)

Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution

Rodríguez Arce, J. M., Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

Psychedelic mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, patterns of use and association with health outcomes

Matzopoulos, R., Morlock, A., Morlock, R. et al. · MedRvix (2021)

Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Basedow, L. A., Riemer, T. G., Reiche, S. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

Improving cognitive functioning in major depressive disorder with psychedelics: a dimensional approach

Kuiperes, Z., Schreiber, R. · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2021)

Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise

Catalani, V., Corkery, J. M., Guirguis, A. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2021)

16 cited
Does psychedelic therapy have a transdiagnostic action and prophylactic potential?

Kočárová, C., Horacek, J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2021)

73 cited
Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research

Strauss, D., de la Salle, S., Sloshower, J. A. et al. · Journal of Medical Ethics (2021)

The chemical induction of synaesthesia

Luke, D., Lungu, L., Friday, R. et al. · Human Psychopharmacology (2021)

Psychedelic perceptions: mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy

Corrigan, K., Haran, M., Mccandliss, C. et al. · Irish Journal of Medical Science (2021)

Relational Processes in Ayahuasca Groups of Palestinians and Israelis

Roseman, L., Ron, Y., Saca, A. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

30 cited
Exploring the relationship between microdosing, personality and emotional insight: A prospective study

Dressler, H. M., Bright, S. J., Polito, V. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder

Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2021)

1015 cited
Evaluating the Risk of Psilocybin for the Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review of Published Case Studies

Gard, D. E., Pleet, M. M., Bradley, E. R. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2021)

Increased sensitivity to strong perturbations in a whole-brain model of LSD

Jobst, B. M., Atasoy, S., Ponce-Alvarez, A. et al. · NeuroImage (2021)

Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice

Palhano-Fontes, F., Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

On the Relationship between Classic Psychedelics and Suicidality: A Systematic Review

Zeifman, R. J., Singhal, N., Breslow, L. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

The DMT and Psilocin Treatment Changes CD11b+ Activated Microglia Immunological Phenotype

Kozłowska, U., Klimczak, A., Wiatr, K. et al. · Biorxiv (2021)

Psychedelic Experiences and Mindfulness are Associated with Improved Wellbeing

Qiu, T. T., Minda, J. P. · Psyarxiv (2021)

Serotonin 2A Receptor (5-HT2AR) Activation by 25H-NBOMe Positional Isomers: In Vitro Functional Evaluation and Molecular Docking

Pottie, E., Kupriyanova, O. V., Brandt, A. L. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

19 cited
Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics

Lawrence, D. W., Sharma, B., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2021)

Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals

McCulloch, D. E-W., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Making “bad trips” good: How users of psychedelics narratively transform challenging trips into valuable experiences

Gashi, L., Sandberg, S., Pedersen, W. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2021)

Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Substituted Tryptamines in Rats

Gatch, M. B., Hoch, A., Carbonaro, T. M. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

8 cited
Set and Setting: A Randomized Study of Different Musical Genres in Supporting Psychedelic Therapy

Strickland, J. C., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, M. W. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

Virtual Reality and Psychedelics for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disease: A Systematic Literature Review

Ortiz, M. I., Gómez-Busto, F. J. · Clinical Neuropsychiatry (2020)

Investigation of the Structure-Activity Relationships of Psilocybin Analogues

Klein, A. K., Chatha, M., Laskowski, L. J. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects

Yaden, D. B., Griffiths, R. R. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

Treatment of a Complex Personality Disorder Using Repeated Doses of LSD-A Case Report on Significant Improvements in the Absence of Acute Drug Effects

Müller, F., Mühlhauser, M., Holze, F. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Psychedelics as a Novel Approach to Treating Autoimmune Conditions

Thompson, C., Szabo, A. · Immunology Letters (2020)

Classic Psychedelics as a Psychotherapeutic Aid in the Treatment of Stimulant Use Disorder: a Case Report

Johnson, S., Black, Q. C. · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction (2020)

1 cited
Psilocybin as a New Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety in the Context of Life-Threatening Diseases-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

Vargas, A. S., Luís, Â., Barroso, M. et al. · Biomedicines (2020)

Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin

Kargbo, R. B., Sherwood, A. R., Walker, A. et al. · ACS Omega (2020)

28 cited
Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Psychedelics in a Rat Model of Asthma Reveals the Anti-Inflammatory Pharmacophore

Flanagan, T. W., Billac, G. B., Landry, A. N. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2020)

58 cited
Compassionate use of psychedelics

Greif, A., Šurkala, M. · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy (2020)

Chronic pain and psychedelics: a review and proposed mechanism of action

Castellanos, J. P., Woolley, C., Bruno, K. A. et al. · Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (2020)

101 cited
LSD flattens the functional hierarchy of the human brain

Girn, M., Roseman, L., Bernhardt, B. et al. · Biorxiv (2020)

Isness: Using Multi-Person VR to Design Peak Mystical Type Experiences Comparable to Psychedelics

Glowacki, D. R., Wonnacott, M. D., Freire, R. et al. · Association for Computing Machinery (2020)

32 cited
Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review

Heuschkel, K., Kuypers, K. P. C. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

63 cited
Experience of Music Used With Psychedelic Therapy: A Rapid Review and Implications

O'callaghan, C., Hubik, D. J., Psychiatry, M. et al. · Journal of Music Therapy (2020)

Natural Psychoplastogens As Antidepressant Agents

Benko, J., Vranková, S. · Molecules (2020)

From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner

Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)

131 cited
Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on resting brain function

Felix, M., Stefan, B. · Swiss Medical Weekly (2019)

Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function

Johnson, M. W., Hendricks, P. S., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2019)

Psychedelics and dying care: A historical look at the relationship between psychedelics and palliative care

Dyck, E. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2019)

A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics

Polito, V., Stevenson, R. J. · PLOS ONE (2019)

197 cited
The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience: A Preliminary Study of the Association Between the Reported Subjective Effects and the Binding Affinity Profiles of Substituted Phenethylamines and Tryptamines

Zamberlan, F., Sanz, C., Pallavicini, C. et al. · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (2018)

Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy

Hendricks, P. S. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

143 cited
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness

Milliere, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

DMT models the near-death experience

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents

Flanagan, T. W., Nichols, C. D. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress

Ross, S. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an Endogenous Hallucinogen: Past, Present, and Future Research to Determine Its Role and Function

Barker, S. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2018)

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

Schenberg, E. E. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review

Jungaberle, H., Thal, S., Zeuch, A. et al. · Neuropharmacology (2018)

Integrating Psychedelic Medicines and Psychiatry: Theory and Methods of a Model Clinic

Sloshower, J. A. · Plant Medicines Healing and Psychedelic Science (2018)

The Use of Salvia divinorum from a Mazatec Perspective

Maqueda, A. E. · Plant Medicines Healing and Psychedelic Science (2018)

Ibogaine Acute Administration in Rats Promotes Wakefulness, Long-Lasting REM Sleep Suppression, and a Distinctive Motor Profile

Baumann, M. H., Carrera, I., Scorza, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects

Swanson, L. R. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Neuroendocrine Associations Underlying the Persistent Therapeutic Effects of Classic Serotonergic Psychedelics

Schindler, E. A. D., Wallace, R. M., Sloshower, J. A. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: A systematic review

Reiche, S., Hermle, L., Gutwinski, S. et al. · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (2018)

The Experience Elicited by Hallucinogens Presents the Highest Similarity to Dreaming within a Large Database of Psychoactive Substance Reports

Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., Erowid, E. et al. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2018)

Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Psilocybin disrupts sensory and higher order cognitive processing but not pre-attentive cognitive processing-study on P300 and mismatch negativity in healthy volunteers

Bravermanová, A., Viktorinová, M., Tylš, F. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2018)

Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences

Carbonaro, T. M., Hurwitz, E., Johnson, M. W. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

102 cited
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences: Hypotheses from Evolutionary Psychology

Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2017)

Dreams and psychedelics: neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications

Kraehenmann, R. · Current Neuropharmacology (2017)

68 cited
Qualitative and quantitative features of music reported to support peak mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy sessions

Slevc, L. R., Barrett, F. S., Robbins, H. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2017)

A Single Dose of LSD Does Not Alter Gene Expression of the Serotonin 2A Receptor Gene (HTR2A) or Early Growth Response Genes (EGR1-3) in Healthy Subjects

Liechti, M. E., Dolder, P. C., Grünblatt, E. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2017)

11 cited
Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders

Thomas, K., Malcolm, B., Lastra, D. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2017)

Psychedelics, personality and political perspectives

Nour, M. R., Evans, J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2017)

164 cited
The psychological and human brain effects of music in combination with psychedelic drugs

Kaelen, M. · Imperial College London (2017)

The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics

Idell, R. D., Florova, G., Komissarov, A. A. et al. · Medical Hypotheses (2017)

Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States

Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience

Gallimore, A. R., Strassman, R. J. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2016)

29 cited
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca

McKenna, D., Riba, J. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2016)

Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations

Kometer, M., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

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