Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review
This review looked at 77 studies with psychedelics and entactogens, to see how their effects relate to concepts of positive psychology. Psychedelics and entactogens showed positive effects e.g. on well-being, prosocial behaviours, empathy, creativity, personality, values and mindfulness. However, the authors stress that more longitudinal data on positive and adverse effects is needed.
Authors
- Milan Scheidegger
- Henrik Jungaberle
Published
Abstract
Rationale
We reviewed the concepts and empirical findings in studies with psychedelics and entactogens related to positive psychology - the study of healthy human functioning, well-being and eudaemonia. It is an unresolved question how beneficial effects of psychedelics and entactogens are related to the potential risks of these substances - particularly in non-clinical settings.
Methods
We searched in PubMed, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Library for controlled clinical and epidemiological studies which applied concepts from positive psychology. We included N = 77 eligible studies with 9876 participants published before November 1st, 2017: (1) quantitative studies (N = 54), (2) preliminary or exploratory studies and reviews not including meta-analyses (N = 17), and (3) studies evidencing primarily negative results (N = 6).
Results
Positive psychology concepts have been applied for measuring effects of clinical trials, recreational and ceremonial use of psychedelics and entactogens. Psychedelics and entactogens were shown to produce acute and long-term effects on mood, well-being, prosocial behaviours, empathy, cognitive flexibility, creativity, personality factors like openness, value orientations, nature-relatedness, spirituality, self-transcendence and mindfulness-related capabilities.
Conclusions
There is preliminary evidence for beneficial effects of psychedelics and entactogens on measures of positive psychology in clinical and healthy populations, however their sustainability remains largely unresolved. The reported results must be considered preliminary due to methodological restrictions. Since longitudinal data on both positive and adverse effects of psychedelics are lacking, more rigorous and standardized measures from positive psychology should be applied in less biased populations with prospective longitudinal designs to carefully assess the benefit-risk-ratio.
Research Summary of 'Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review'
Introduction
Research on psychedelics and entactogens has historically concentrated on clinical pathology and mechanisms of disease, while their possible benefits for healthy human functioning have received much less systematic attention. Jungaberle and colleagues note that despite widespread recreational and ceremonial use and frequent anecdotal reports of enhanced well-being, self-transcendence and prosociality, empirical evidence linking these substances to positive psychological outcomes remains fragmentary and methodologically heterogeneous. This review set out to map how concepts from positive psychology have been applied in experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies of serotonergic psychedelics (e.g. LSD, psilocybin, DMT/ayahuasca) and entactogens (MDMA). The investigators aimed to identify what beneficial effects have been reported, how they were operationalised and measured, and what methodological limitations constrain interpretation. They organised the literature into acute versus persistent effects and social versus personal domains to evaluate claims about sustained improvements in well-being, creativity, prosocial attitudes and related constructs.
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Study Details
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Jungaberle, H., Thal, S., Zeuch, A., Rougemont-Bücking, A., von Heyden, M., Aicher, H., & Scheidegger, M. (2018). Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review. Neuropharmacology, 142, 179-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.034
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