Healthy VolunteersCreativityPersonality & Trait FactorsPsilocybinPlacebo

Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness

This re-analysis from two psilocybin trials with hallucinogen-naïve subjects (n=52) looked at personality changes in participants. It found significant increases in openness (but not neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness), which remained higher than baseline for those who had a mystical experience up to a year.

Authors

  • Roland Griffiths
  • Matthew Johnson
  • Katherine MacLean

Published

Journal of Psychopharmacology
individual Study

Abstract

A large body of evidence, including longitudinal analyses of personality change, suggests that core personality traits are predominantly stable after age 30. To our knowledge, no study has demonstrated changes in personality in healthy adults after an experimentally manipulated discrete event. Intriguingly, double-blind controlled studies have shown that the classic hallucinogen psilocybin occasions personally and spiritually significant mystical experiences that predict long-term changes in behaviors, attitudes and values. In the present report we assessed the effect of psilocybin on changes in the five broad domains of personality - Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Consistent with participant claims of hallucinogen-occasioned increases in aesthetic appreciation, imagination, and creativity, we found significant increases in Openness following a high-dose psilocybin session. In participants who had mystical experiences during their psilocybin session, Openness remained significantly higher than baseline more than one year after the session. The findings suggest a specific role for psilocybin and mystical-type experiences in adult personality change.

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Research Summary of 'Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness'

Introduction

Maclean and colleagues situate their study within evidence that classic hallucinogens such as psilocybin, acting primarily at 5-HT2A receptors, can produce profound subjective changes and, in uncontrolled reports, lasting alterations in attitudes, values and behaviour. The paper highlights mystical-type experiences—characterised by unity, sacredness, ineffability, noetic quality and transcendence of time and space—as candidate mechanisms for enduring change. At the same time, the authors note that core personality traits, as described by the five-factor model (Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness), are typically stable in adulthood and that prospective, experimentally controlled demonstrations of personality change in healthy adults are lacking. This study combines data from two double-blind controlled investigations to test whether a single high dose of psilocybin (30 mg/70 kg) administered under supportive conditions produces changes in the five broad personality domains measured by the NEO Personality Inventory. Consistent with prior observations linking hallucinogen-occasioned mystical experiences to enduring personal change, the investigators hypothesised that individuals who experienced mystical-type effects during the high-dose session would show enduring increases in Openness assessed 1–2 months after the session and again more than 1 year later.

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Study Details

References (9)

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Kettner, H., Rosas, F. E., Timmermann, C. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2021)

157 cited
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca

Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., Carter, N. T. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

53 cited
Naturalistic Use of Mescaline Is Associated with Self-Reported Psychiatric Improvements and Enduring Positive Life Changes

Agin-Liebes, G. I., Lancelotta, R., Uthaug, M. V. et al. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

Combining Psychedelic and Mindfulness Interventions: Synergies to Inform Clinical Practice

Payne, J. E., Chambers, R., Liknaitzky, P. · ACS Pharmacology and Translational Science (2021)

55 cited
Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice

Palhano-Fontes, F., Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

Psychedelic Experiences and Mindfulness are Associated with Improved Wellbeing

Qiu, T. T., Minda, J. P. · Psyarxiv (2021)

Dose-response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans

Hirschfeld, T., Schmidt, T. T. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches

Garcia-Romeu, A., Barrett, F. S., Carbonaro, T. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Neural and subjective effects of inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine in natural settings

Pallavicini, C., Cavanna, F., Zamberlan, F. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals

McCulloch, D. E-W., Madsen, M. K., Stenbæk, D. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing

Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H. et al. · Scientific Reports (2021)

112 cited
Narratives of the mystical among users of psychedelics

Pedersen, W., Copes, H., Gashi, L. · Acta Sociologica (2021)

Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD

Davis, A. K., Streeter Barrett, F., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

108 cited
Mystical-type experiences occasioned by ketamine mediate its impact on at-risk drinking: Results from a randomized, controlled trial

Rothberg, R. L., Azhari, N., Haug, N. A. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences

Williams, T. M., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y. et al. · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy (2020)

The potential synergistic effects between psychedelic administration and nature contact for the improvement of mental health

Gandy, S., Forstmann, M., Carhart-Harris, R. L. et al. · Health Psychology Open (2020)

The psychedelic personality: Personality structure and associations in a sample of psychedelics users

Johnstad, P. G. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

Pivotal Mental States

Brouwer, A., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies

Andersen, K. A. A., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2020)

Post-acute psychological effects of classical serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Goldberg, S. B., Shechet, B., Nicholas, C. R. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2020)

Acute subjective effects in LSD- and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

Schmid, Y., Gasser, P., Oehen, P. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

72 cited
Brain serotonin 2A receptor binding predicts subjective temporal and mystical effects of psilocybin in healthy humans

Stenbæk, D. S., Madsen, M. K., Ozenne, B. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

A quantitative exploration of the relationships between regular yoga practice, microdosing psychedelics, wellbeing and personality variables

Bright, S. J., Gringart, E., Blatchford, E. et al. · Australian Journal of Psychology (2020)

Turn On, Tune In, Drop In: Psychedelics, Creativity and Entrepreneurship

Silver, L. S. · American Journal of Management (2020)

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Breeksema, J. J., Niemeijer, A. R., Krediet, E. et al. · CNS Drugs (2020)

Modulatory effects of ayahuasca on personality structure in a traditional framework

Netzband, N., Ruffell, S., Linton, &. S. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

LSD-induced increases in social adaptation to opinions similar to one's own are associated with stimulation of serotonin receptors

Schilbach, L., Stämpfli, P., Vollenweider, F. X. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Psychedelic Treatment for Trauma-Related Psychological and Cognitive Impairment Among US Special Operations Forces Veterans

Davis, A. K., Averill, L. A., Sepeda, N. D. et al. · Chronic Stress (2020)

Mystical Experiences in Retrospective Reports of First Times Using a Psychedelic in Finland

Kangaslampi, S., Hausen, A., Rauteenmaa, T. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

Broadening Your Mind to Include Others: The relationship between serotonergic psychedelic experiences and maladaptive narcissism

Van Mulukom, V., Patterson, R. E., Van Elk, M. · Psychopharmacology (2020)

Compassionate use of psychedelics

Greif, A., Šurkala, M. · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy (2020)

Ethics and ego dissolution: the case of psilocybin

Smith, W. R., Sisti, D. · Journal of Medical Ethics (2020)

Psilocybin: from ancient magic to modern medicine

Nichols, D. E. · Journal of Antibiotics (2020)

The Viability of Microdosing Psychedelics as a Strategy to Enhance Cognition and Well-being - An Early Review

Bornemann, J. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

A single psilocybin dose is associated with long-term increased mindfulness, preceded by a proportional change in neocortical 5-HT2A receptor binding

Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., Stenbæk, D. S. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Depression, Mindfulness, and Psilocybin: Possible Complementary Effects of Mindfulness Meditation and Psilocybin in the Treatment of Depression. A Review

Heuschkel, K., Kuypers, K. P. C. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

63 cited
Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review

Aday, J. S., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K. et al. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2020)

Reviewing the potential of psychedelics for the treatment of PTSD

Krediet, E., Bostoen, T., Breeksema, J. J. et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

Microdosing psychedelics: Demographics, practices, and psychiatric comorbidities.

Rosenbaum, D., Weissman, C. R., Anderson, T. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

55 cited
Learning to Let Go: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of How Psychedelic Therapy Promotes Acceptance

Wolff, M., Evens, R., Mertens, L. J. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin

Barrett, F. S., Doss, M. K., Sepeda, N. D. et al. · Scientific Reports (2020)

Persisting Reductions in Cannabis, Opioid, and Stimulant Misuse After Naturalistic Psychedelic Use: An Online Survey

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Griffiths, R. R. et al. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2020)

121 cited
Transformative experience and social connectedness mediate the mood-enhancing effects of psychedelic use in naturalistic settings

Forstmann, M., Yudkin, D. A., Prosser, A. M. B. et al. · PNAS (2020)

Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer

Agin-Liebes, G. I., Malone, T., Yalch, M. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2020)

292 cited
The use of the psychological flexibility model to support psychedelic assisted therapy

Watts, R., Luoma, J. B. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2020)

Therapeutic use of serotoninergic hallucinogens: A review of the evidence and of the biological and psychological mechanisms

Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2020)

From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner

Kettner, H., Gandy, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019)

131 cited
Modulation of Social Cognition via Hallucinogens and “Entactogens”.

Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Frontiers in Psychiatry (2019)

Characterization and prediction of acute and sustained response to psychedelic psilocybin in a mindfulness group retreat

Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M. et al. · Scientific Reports (2019)

126 cited
Toward a contextual psychedelic-assisted therapy: Perspectives from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and contextual behavioral science

Luoma, J. B., Sabucedo, P., Eriksson, J. et al. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2019)

Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the emotional breakthrough inventory

Roseman, L., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Idialu-Ikato, K. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

Psychedelic microdosing benefits and challenges: an empirical codebook

Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Christopher, A. et al. · Harm Reduction Journal (2019)

REBUS and the Anarchic Brain: Toward a Unified Model of the Brain Action of Psychedelics

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Friston, K. J. · Pharmacological Reviews (2019)

Replication and extension of a model predicting response to psilocybin

Russ, S. L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Maruyama, G. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

55 cited
Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Fire Erowid et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

211 cited
Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function

Johnson, M. W., Hendricks, P. S., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2019)

States and traits related to the quality and consequences of psychedelic experiences

Russ, S. L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Maruyama, G. et al. · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice (2019)

Recreational use of psychedelics is associated with elevated personality trait openness: Exploration of associations with brain serotonin markers

Erritzoe, D., Smith, J. M., Fisher, P. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics

Polito, V., Stevenson, R. J. · PLOS ONE (2019)

197 cited
Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels

Madsen, M. K., Fisher, P. M., Burmester, D. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2019)

Trait Openness and serotonin 2A receptors in healthy volunteers: A positron emission tomography study

Stenbæk, D. S., Kristiansen, S., Burmester, D. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2019)

9 cited
Microdosing psychedelics: personality, mental health, and creativity differences in microdosers

Anderson, T., Petranker, R., Rosenbaum, D. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2019)

142 cited
Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions

Richards, W. A., Garcia-Romeu, A. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

Predicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study

Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

339 cited
Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting

Prochazkova, L., Lippelt, D. P., Colzato, L. S. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2018)

More realistic forecasting of future life events after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

49 cited
Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy

Hendricks, P. S. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

143 cited
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness

Milliere, R., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: a systematic review of systematic reviews

Dos Santos, R. G., Bouso, J. C., Hallak, J. E. · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology (2018)

191 cited
DMT models the near-death experience

Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2018)

A Gratuitous Grace: The Influence of Religious Set and Intent on the Psychedelic Experience

Neitzke-Spruill, L., Glasser, C. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2018)

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

Schenberg, E. E. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review

Jungaberle, H., Thal, S., Zeuch, A. et al. · Neuropharmacology (2018)

High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers

Nicholas, C. R., Henriquez, K. M., Gassman, M. C. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

61 cited
Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts

Noorani, T., Garcia-Romeu, A., Swift, T. C. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

Effects of psilocybin therapy on personality structure

Erritzoe, D., Roseman, L., Nour, M. R. et al. · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (2018)

219 cited
The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act

Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R., Hendricks, P. S. et al. · Neuropharmacology (2018)

Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach

Franquesa, A., Sainz-Cort, A., Gandy, S. et al. · Psychiatry Research (2018)

47 cited
Psilocybin and MDMA reduce costly punishment in the Ultimatum Game

Gabay, A. S., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Mazibuko, N. et al. · Scientific Reports (2018)

Ceremonial ‘Plant Medicine’ use and its relationship to recreational drug use: an exploratory study

Dorsen, C., Palamar, J., Shedlin, M. G. · Addiction Research and Theory (2018)

21 cited
Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects

Swanson, L. R. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

The psychedelic debriefing in alcohol dependence treatment: illustrating key change phenomena through qualitative content analysis of clinical sessions

Kraehenmann, R., Nielson, E. M., May, D. G. et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy

Kaelen, M., Giribaldi, B., Raine, J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2018)

213 cited
Psychedelics and the essential importance of context

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E. C. H. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic efficacy of psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Frontiers in Pharmacology (2018)

Can psychedelic compounds play a part in drug dependence therapy?

Sessa, B., Johnson, M. W. · British Journal of Psychiatry (2018)

Implications for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: functional magnetic resonance imaging study with psilocybin

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Williams, T. M. et al. · British Journal of Psychiatry (2018)

202 cited
Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors

Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

393 cited
Neuroticism is associated with challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms

Barrett, F. S., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. · Personality and Individual Differences (2017)

78 cited
The Mechanisms of Psychedelic Visionary Experiences: Hypotheses from Evolutionary Psychology

Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Neuroscience (2017)

Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine

Kyzar, E. J., Nichols, C. D., Gainetdinov, R. R. et al. · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2017)

Long-lasting subjective effects of LSD in normal subjects

Schmid, Y., Liechti, M. E. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

Psychedelic pleasures: An affective understanding of the joys of tripping

Bøhling, F. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2017)

Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

Psychedelic drug use in healthy individuals: A review of benefits, costs, and implications for drug policy

Elsey, J. W. B. · Drug Science Policy and Law (2017)

Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists

Phelps, J. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2017)

Therapeutic effect of increased openness: investigating mechanism of action in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, M. C., Mithoefer, A. T. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

147 cited
Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness

Forstmann, M., Sagioglou, C. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

134 cited
Patients’ accounts of increased “Connectedness” and “Acceptance” after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression

Watts, R., Day, C. M., Krzanowski, J. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2017)

Cancer at the dinner table: experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of cancer-related distress

Swift, T. C., Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2017)

130 cited
Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G. I., Swift, T. C. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2017)

Modern clinical research on LSD

Liechti, M. E. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)

Psychedelics, personality and political perspectives

Nour, M. R., Evans, J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2017)

164 cited
The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Goodwin, G. M. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)

The psychological and human brain effects of music in combination with psychedelic drugs

Kaelen, M. · Imperial College London (2017)

Tripping up addiction: the use of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of problematic drug and alcohol use

Morgan, C. J. A., McAndrew, A., Stevens, T. et al. · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences (2017)

The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics

Idell, R. D., Florova, G., Komissarov, A. A. et al. · Medical Hypotheses (2017)

An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use

Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

117 cited
Perception is in the Details: A Predictive Coding Account of the Psychedelic Phenomenon

Pink-Hashkes, S., Van Rooij, I., Kwisthout, J. · CogSci (2017)

Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States

Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

Classical hallucinogens and neuroimaging: A systematic review of human studies: hallucinogens and neuroimaging

Dos Santos, R. G., Osório, F. L., Crippa, J. A. et al. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2016)

The Challenging Experience Questionnaire: Characterization of challenging experiences with psilocybin mushrooms

Barrett, F. S., Bradstreet, M. P., Leoutsakos, J. M. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor and the non-addictive nature of classic hallucinogens

Canal, C. E., Murnane, K. S. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm

Nichols, C. D., Nichols, D. E., Johnson, M. W. · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2016)

Psychological and neuropsychological assessment of regular hoasca users

Barbosa, P., Strassman, R. J., da Silveira, D. X. et al. · Comprehensive Psychiatry (2016)

97 cited
Of Roots and Fruits A Comparison of Psychedelic and Nonpsychedelic Mystical Experiences

Yaden, D. B., Le Nguyen, K. D., Kern, M. L. et al. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2016)

90 cited
The Associations of Naturalistic Classic Psychedelic Use, Mystical Experience, and Creative Problem Solving

Sweat, N. W., Bates, L. W., Hendricks, P. S. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2016)

Alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences after acute LSD in humans

Liechti, M. E., Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y. · Psychopharmacology (2016)

190 cited
Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences

Carbonaro, T. M., Bradstreet, M. P., Barrett, F. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

Psilocybin for treating substance use disorders?

de Veen, B. T. H., Schellekens, A., Verheij, M. M. et al. · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (2016)

Clinical Applications of Hallucinogens: A Review

Garcia-Romeu, A., Kersgaard, B., Addy, P. H. · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (2016)

174 cited
Treating Addiction: Perspectives from EEG and Imaging Studies on Psychedelics

Tófoli, L. F., De Araujo, D. B. · International Review of Neurobiology (2016)

Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation

Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Griffiths, R. R. · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (2016)

562 cited
A Public-Health-Based Vision for the Management and Regulation of Psychedelics

Haden, M., Emerson, B., Tupper, K. W. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2016)

28 cited
Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI)

Nour, M. R., Evans, J., Nutt, D. J. et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2016)

LSD acutely impairs fear recognition and enhances emotional empathy and sociality

Dolder, P. C., Schmid, Y., Müller, F. et al. · Neuropsychopharmacology (2016)

LSD-induced entropic brain activity predicts subsequent personality change

Lebedev, A. V., Kaelen, M., L€ Ovd En, M. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2016)

292 cited
Hallucinogen use and intimate partner violence: Prospective evidence consistent with protective effects among men with histories of problematic substance use

Walsh, Z., Hendricks, P. S., Smith, S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2016)

58 cited
Psychedelics

Nichols, D. E. · Pharmacological Reviews (2016)

Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’?

Das, S., Barnwal, P., Ramasamy, A. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2016)

The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Kaelen, M., Bolstridge, M. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2016)

253 cited
New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca

McKenna, D., Riba, J. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2016)

Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations

Kometer, M., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin

Barrett, F. S., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2015)

LSD enhances the emotional response to music

Kaelen, M., Barrett, F. S., Roseman, L. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2015)

Psychedelics and Creativity: a Review of the Quantitative Literature

Baggot, M. J. · Preprints (2015)

Finding the self by losing the self: Neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin

Lebedev, A. V., L€ Ovd En, M., Rosenthal, G. et al. · Human Brain Mapping (2015)

Long-term use of psychedelic drugs is associated with differences in brain structure and personality in humans

Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Ribeiro, S., Sanches, R. F. et al. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2015)

Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction

Garcia-Romeu, A., Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2015)

Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: when and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences

Majic, T., Schmidt, T. T., Gallinat, J. · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (2015)

A qualitative report on the subjective experience of intravenous psilocybin administered in an FMRI environment

Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2015)

50 cited
Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population

Hendricks, P. S., Thorne, C. B., Clark, B. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2015)

345 cited
Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study

Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2015)

LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: a qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects

Kirchner, K. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2014)

389 cited
Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases

Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y. et al. · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (2014)

594 cited
Interaction of psychoactive tryptamines with biogenic amine transporters and serotonin receptor subtypes

Blough, B. E., Landavazo, A., Decker, A. M. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2014)

Classical hallucinogens as antidepressants? A review of pharmacodynamics and putative clinical roles

Tracy, D., Baumeister, D., Barnes, G. et al. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2014)

Self-Experimentations with Psychedelics Among Mental Health Professionals: LSD in the Former Czechoslovakia

Winkler, P., Csémy, L. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2014)

The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Shanahan, M. et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2014)

Hallucinogen use predicts reduced recidivism among substance-involved offenders under community corrections supervision

Hendricks, P. S., Clark, B., Johnson, M. W. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2014)

89 cited
Psilocybin - Summary of knowledge and new perspectives

Tylš, F., Páleníček, T., Horacek, J. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2013)

Broadband Cortical Desynchronization Underlies the Human Psychedelic State

Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Moran, R. J. et al. · Journal of Neuroscience (2013)

427 cited
Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: results from a preliminary observational study in Canada

Thomas, G., Lucas, P., Rielle Capler, N. et al. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2013)

Ibogaine in the treatment of substance dependence

Brown, T. K. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2013)

Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin

Bogenschutz, M. P. · Current Drug Abuse Reviews (2013)

Factor analysis of the mystical experience questionnaire: A study of experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin

MacLean, K. A., Leoutsakos, J. S., Johnson, M. W. et al. · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (2012)

350 cited
Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study

Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S. et al. · PLOS ONE (2012)

Health status of ayahuasca users

Barbosa, P., Mizumoto, S., Bogenschutz, M. P. et al. · Drug Testing and Analysis (2012)

Therapeutic mechanisms of classic hallucinogens in the treatment of addictions: from indirect evidence to testable hypotheses

Bogenschutz, M. P., Pommy, J. A. · Drug Testing and Analysis (2012)

Neural correlates of the psychedelic state as determined by fMRI studies with psilocybin

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzoe, D., Williams, T. et al. · PNAS (2012)

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