Depressive DisordersPTSDAnxiety DisordersSubstance Use Disorders (SUD)

Clinical Applications of Hallucinogens: A Review

This paper (2016) extensively reviews the history, chemistry, and therapeutic evidence of a broad range of hallucinogenic/psychedelic substances.

Authors

  • Albert Garcia-Romeu

Published

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
meta Study

Abstract

Hallucinogens fall into several different classes, as broadly defined by pharmacological mechanism of action, and chemical structure. These include psychedelics, entactogens, dissociatives, and other atypical hallucinogens. Although these classes do not share a common primary mechanism of action, they do exhibit important similarities in their ability to occasion temporary but profound alterations of consciousness, involving acute changes in somatic, perceptual, cognitive, and affective processes. Such effects likely contribute to their recreational use. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that these drugs may have therapeutic applications beyond their potential for abuse. This review will present data on several classes of hallucinogens with a particular focus on psychedelics, entactogens, and dissociatives, for which clinical utility has been most extensively documented. Information on each class is presented in turn, tracing relevant historical insights, highlighting similarities and differences between the classes from the molecular to the behavioral level, and presenting the most up-to-date information on clinically oriented research with these substances, with important ramifications for their potential therapeutic value.

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Research Summary of 'Clinical Applications of Hallucinogens: A Review'

Introduction

This narrative review surveys the clinical literature on hallucinogenic compounds, situating their potential therapeutic use within a pharmacological taxonomy encompassing four principal classes: serotonergic psychedelics (5-HT2A receptor agonists such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT), entactogens (primarily MDMA), dissociative agents (NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine and dextromethorphan), and atypical hallucinogens (including ibogaine and salvinorin A). Following decades of restricted research after the cultural upheavals of the 1960s, renewed scientific interest has prompted a re-evaluation of these compounds as potentially viable treatments for psychiatric conditions including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. The authors aim to synthesise the available clinical evidence for each drug class, highlighting the historical arc of research, the current state of the evidence base, and the safety and tolerability data relevant to clinical application.

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Efficacy of Psychoactive Drugs for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review of MDMA, Ketamine, LSD and Psilocybin

Varker, T., Watson, L., Gibson, K. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2020)

Updating the dynamic framework of thought: Creativity and psychedelics

Girn, M., Mills, C., Roseman, L. et al. · NeuroImage (2020)

The relationship between subjective effects induced by a single dose of ketamine and treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review

Mathai, D. S., Meyer, M. J., Storch, E. A. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2020)

Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy

Reiff, C. M., Richman, E. E., Nemeroff, C. B. et al. · American Journal of Psychiatry (2020)

Psilocybin-assisted therapy of major depressive disorder using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a therapeutic frame

Sloshower, J., Guss, J., Krause, R. et al. · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (2020)

Cessation and reduction in alcohol consumption and misuse after psychedelic use

Garcia-Romeu, A., Davis, A. K., Fire Erowid et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2019)

211 cited
The influence of therapists’ first-hand experience with psychedelics on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy research and therapist training

Nielson, E. M., Guss, J. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2018)

Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions

Richards, W. A., Garcia-Romeu, A. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

Cameron, L. P. · ACS Chemical Neuroscience (2018)

Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts

Noorani, T., Garcia-Romeu, A., Swift, T. C. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives

Martinotti, G., Santacroce, R., Pettorruso, M. et al. · Brain Sciences (2018)

Qualitative and quantitative features of music reported to support peak mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy sessions

Slevc, L. R., Barrett, F. S., Robbins, H. et al. · Frontiers in Psychology (2017)

Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience

Letheby, C., Gerrans, P. · Neuroscience of Consciousness (2017)

Ayahuasca dimethyltryptamine, and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies

Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E., Bouso, J. C. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2017)

An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use

Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

117 cited

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Clinical Applications of Hallucinogens: A Review — Research Summary & Context | Blossom