Anxiety DisordersPsilocybin

Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects

This double-blind, randomised study (n=18) investigated the effects of psilocybin at different dosages. It found that positive effects were most pronounced at 20/30mg per 70kg. At two and 14 months later, participants indicated positive changes and rated the experience as one of the top 5 life experiences.

Authors

  • Roland Griffiths
  • Matthew Johnson
  • William Richards

Published

Psychopharmacology
individual Study

Abstract

Objectives

This double-blind study evaluated psilocybin (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.) administered under supportive conditions.

Methods

Participants were 18 adults (17 hallucinogen-naïve). Five 8-hour sessions were conducted individually for each participant at 1-month intervals. Participants were randomized to receive the four active doses in either ascending or descending order (9 participants each). Placebo was scheduled quasi-randomly. During sessions volunteers used eyeshades and were instructed to direct their attention inward. Volunteers completed questionnaires assessing effects immediately after and 1 month after each session, and at 14 months follow-up.

Results

Psilocybin produced acute perceptual and subjective effects including, at 20 and/or 30 mg/70 kg, extreme anxiety/fear (39% of volunteers) and/or mystical-type experience (72% of volunteers). One month after sessions at the two highest doses, volunteers rated the psilocybin experience as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and attributed to the experience sustained positive changes in attitudes, mood, and behavior, with the ascending dose sequence showing greater positive effects. At 14 months, ratings were undiminished and were consistent with changes rated by community observers. Both the acute and persisting effects of psilocybin were generally a monotonically increasing function of dose, with the lowest dose showing significant effects.

Conclusions

Under supportive conditions, 20 and 30 mg/70 kg psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences having persisting positive effects on attitudes, mood and behavior. Implications for therapeutic trials are discussed.

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Research Summary of 'Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects'

Introduction

Psilocybin is the principal psychoactive compound in Psilocybe mushrooms and, like other classic hallucinogens, acts primarily at 5-HT2A receptors to produce robust alterations in perception, cognition, affect and bodily sensation. Earlier clinical work found that subjective reactions to psilocybin ranged from positive to negative, and that intensely valued personal or mystical-type experiences were uncommon in many early studies. Subsequent research that used higher doses together with more preparation and interpersonal support reported higher rates of positively valenced, sometimes mystical, experiences that participants rated as personally significant and enduring. This study by Griffiths and colleagues aimed to characterise dose-related acute and persisting psychological effects of a range of psilocybin doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 mg/70 kg) administered under supportive, laboratory conditions. The investigators used a double-blind, crossover design with five 8-hour sessions per participant and compared ascending versus descending sequences of active dose exposure, with outcome assessments immediately after sessions, at 1 month, and at a 14-month follow-up. The study sought to define both the likelihood of mystical-type experiences across doses and the durability and nature of any persisting changes in attitudes, mood, behaviour and spirituality.

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Study Details

References (8)

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Mason, N. L., Feilding, A., Ramaekers, J. G. · European Neuropsychopharmacology (2020)

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121 cited
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131 cited
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126 cited
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171 cited
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113 cited
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136 cited
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49 cited
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143 cited
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Therapeutic use of classic psychedelics to treat cancer-related psychiatric distress

Ross, S. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

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78 cited
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Positive psychology in the investigation of psychedelics and entactogens: A critical review

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47 cited
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Maqueda, A. E. · Plant Medicines Healing and Psychedelic Science (2018)

Unifying theories of psychedelic drug effects

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Neuroendocrine Associations Underlying the Persistent Therapeutic Effects of Classic Serotonergic Psychedelics

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The psychedelic debriefing in alcohol dependence treatment: illustrating key change phenomena through qualitative content analysis of clinical sessions

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Bouso, J. C., Dos Santos, R. G., Hallak, J. E. · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2018)

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213 cited
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LSD Increases Primary Process Thinking via Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation

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Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences

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102 cited
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74 cited
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Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine

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48 cited
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Qualitative and quantitative features of music reported to support peak mystical experiences during psychedelic therapy sessions

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MDMA-Induced Dissociative State not Mediated by the 5-HT2A Receptor

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Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

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Pharmacokinetics of Escalating Doses of Oral Psilocybin in Healthy Adults

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190 cited
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42 cited
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Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans

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248 cited
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Indoleamine Hallucinogens in Cluster Headache: Results of the Clusterbusters Medication Use Survey

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Psilocybin-occasioned mystical experiences in the treatment of tobacco addiction

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Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Shanahan, M. et al. · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2014)

Ayahuasca and cancer treatment

Schenberg, E. E. · Sage Open Medicine (2013)

The induction of synaesthesia with chemical agents: a systematic review

Luke, D. P., Terhune, D. B. · Frontiers in Psychology (2013)

Broadband Cortical Desynchronization Underlies the Human Psychedelic State

Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Moran, R. J. et al. · Journal of Neuroscience (2013)

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Studying the Effects of Classic Hallucinogens in the Treatment of Alcoholism: Rationale, Methodology, and Current Research with Psilocybin

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Use of the Classic Hallucinogen Psilocybin for Treatment of Existential Distress Associated with Cancer

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Bogenschutz, M. P., Pommy, J. A. · Drug Testing and Analysis (2012)

Psilocybin dose-dependently causes delayed, transient headaches in healthy volunteers

Johnson, M. W., Sewell, R. A., Griffiths, R. R. · Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2012)

Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness

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Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences:... — Research Summary & Context | Blossom