Trial PaperTobacco/Nicotine Use Disorder (TUD)Substance Use Disorders (SUD)Safety & Risk ManagementPublic Health, Prevention & Behaviour ChangePsilocybin

Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation

This follow-up study (n=15) found that at 12 months 67% of participants didn't return to smoking (biologically confirmed). This was 60% at an average of 30-month follow-up. This study is the first (very positive) step in seeing if psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy (PAT) may be viable for people to quit smoking.

Authors

  • Albert Garcia-Romeu
  • Roland Griffiths
  • Matthew Johnson

Published

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
individual Study

Abstract

Background

A recent open-label pilot study (N = 15) found that two to three moderate to high doses (20 and 30 mg/70 kg) of the serotonin 2A receptor agonist, psilocybin, in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation, resulted in substantially higher 6-month smoking abstinence rates than are typically observed with other medications or CBT alone.

Objectives

To assess long-term effects of a psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation program at ≥12 months after psilocybin administration.

Methods

The present report describes biologically verified smoking abstinence outcomes of the previous pilot study at ≥12 months, and related data on subjective effects of psilocybin.

Results

All 15 participants completed a 12-month follow-up, and 12 (80%) returned for a long-term (≥16 months) follow-up, with a mean interval of 30 months (range = 16-57 months) between target-quit date (i.e., first psilocybin session) and long-term follow-up. At 12-month follow-up, 10 participants (67%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At long-term follow-up, nine participants (60%) were confirmed as smoking abstinent. At 12-month follow-up 13 participants (86.7%) rated their psilocybin experiences among the five most personally meaningful and spiritually significant experiences of their lives.

Conclusion

These results suggest that in the context of a structured treatment program, psilocybin holds considerable promise in promoting long-term smoking abstinence. The present study adds to recent and historical evidence suggesting high success rates when using classic psychedelics in the treatment of addiction. Further research investigating psilocybin-facilitated treatment of substance use disorders is warranted.

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Research Summary of 'Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation'

Introduction

Smoking remains a major global public health problem, causing millions of deaths annually and projected to increase in coming years. Existing smoking cessation treatments typically fail to produce long-term abstinence for most people, creating a need to explore novel approaches. Earlier work by the investigators described an open-label pilot that combined psilocybin, a 5-HT2AR agonist, with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and reported an unusually high biologically verified 6-month abstinence rate (80%) in 15 participants, together with an acceptable acute safety profile. This paper reports previously unpublished long-term follow-up data from that pilot trial. Johnson and colleagues set out to assess smoking cessation outcomes at 12 months and at a later long-term follow-up (mean 30 months post-target-quit date), and to describe persisting subjective effects attributed to the psilocybin sessions. The aim was to evaluate the durability of abstinence and to explore relationships between session-related subjective experiences and smoking outcomes over the longer term.

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Study Details

References (10)

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Reported effects of psychedelic use on those with low well-being given various emotional contexts

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Microdosing psychedelics: Motivations, subjective effects and harm reduction

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95 cited
Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: validation of the emotional breakthrough inventory

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Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function

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Sub-Acute Effects of Psilocybin on Empathy, Creative Thinking, and Subjective Well-Being

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136 cited
A systematic study of microdosing psychedelics

Polito, V., Stevenson, R. J. · PLOS ONE (2019)

197 cited
Psychiatry might need some psychedelic therapy

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Current perspectives on psychedelic therapy: use of serotonergic hallucinogens in clinical interventions

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Awe: a putative mechanism underlying the effects of classic psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy

Hendricks, P. S. · International Review of Psychiatry (2018)

143 cited
Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness

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Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

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Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts

Noorani, T., Garcia-Romeu, A., Swift, T. C. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2018)

The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act

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A Survey of American Psychiatrists’ Attitudes Toward Classic Hallucinogens

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Integrating Psychedelic Medicines and Psychiatry: Theory and Methods of a Model Clinic

Sloshower, J. A. · Plant Medicines Healing and Psychedelic Science (2018)

The Use of Salvia divinorum from a Mazatec Perspective

Maqueda, A. E. · Plant Medicines Healing and Psychedelic Science (2018)

The Meaning-Enhancing Properties of Psychedelics and Their Mediator Role in Psychedelic Therapy, Spirituality, and Creativity

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Neuroendocrine Associations Underlying the Persistent Therapeutic Effects of Classic Serotonergic Psychedelics

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Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences

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102 cited
The relationships of classic psychedelic use with criminal behavior in the United States adult population

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Carhart-Harris, R. L., Nutt, D. J. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2017)

Developing Guidelines and Competencies for the Training of Psychedelic Therapists

Phelps, J. · Journal of Humanistic Psychology (2017)

Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin

Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. · Neurotherapeutics (2017)

Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy: A Review of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders

Thomas, K., Malcolm, B., Lastra, D. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2017)

The psychological and human brain effects of music in combination with psychedelic drugs

Kaelen, M. · Imperial College London (2017)

5-HT2A Agonists: A Novel Therapy for Functional Neurological Disorders?

Bryson, A., Carter, O., Norman, T. et al. · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2017)

18 cited
The Effects of Hallucinogens on Gene Expression

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Phenomenology, Structure, and Dynamic of Psychedelic States

Preller, K. H., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

Psychedelics as Medicines: An Emerging New Paradigm

Nichols, C. D., Nichols, D. E., Johnson, M. W. · Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (2016)

New World Tryptamine Hallucinogens and the Neuroscience of Ayahuasca

McKenna, D., Riba, J. · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences (2016)

Serotonergic Hallucinogen-Induced Visual Perceptual Alterations

Kometer, M., Vollenweider, F. X. · Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs (2016)

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