Depressive DisordersAnxiety DisordersSubstance Use Disorders (SUD)Safety & Risk ManagementPsilocybin

The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis (2020) reported favorably on four trials (n=117) that studied the effect of psilocybin-assisted therapy for anxiety and depression.

Authors

  • Samuel Goldberg
  • Charles Raison
  • Christopher Nicholas

Published

Psychiatry Research
meta Study

Abstract

The current meta-analysis examined the effects of psilocybin in combination with behavioral interventions on anxiety and depression in samples with elevated symptoms. Across four studies (one uncontrolled; three randomized, placebo-controlled; N = 117), within-group pre-post and pre-follow-up effects on anxiety and depression were large (Hedges’ gs=1.16 to 1.47) and statistically significant. Across three placebo-controlled studies, pre-post placebo-controlled effects were also large (gs = 0.82 to 0.83) and statistically significant. No serious adverse events were reported. Limitations include the small number of studies and risk for bias within studies. Results tentatively support future research on psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

Available with Blossom Pro

Research Summary of 'The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis'

Introduction

Research into new treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders has expanded to include psychedelic compounds after a long hiatus. Earlier work suggested potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin, a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, for conditions including anxiety and substance use, but quantitative synthesis of clinical trials testing psilocybin for anxiety and depression had not been conducted. Goldberg and colleagues set out to fill that gap by performing a meta-analysis of clinical trials in which psilocybin was administered to people with clinically elevated symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. The aim was to estimate pooled effects on anxiety and depression, assess heterogeneity and publication bias, and characterise risks of bias within and across studies to inform future research planning.

Expert Research Summaries

Go Pro to access AI-powered section-by-section summaries, editorial takes, and the full research toolkit.

Study Details

References (9)

Papers cited by this study that are also in Blossom

Psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol dependence: a proof-of-concept study

Bogenschutz, M. P., Forcehimes, A. A., Pommy, J. A. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2015)

Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, &. M., Day, C. M. J. et al. · Psychopharmacology (2017)

Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Bolstridge, M., Rucker, J. et al. · Lancet Psychiatry (2016)

1174 cited
Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer

Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2011)

Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-facilitated smoking cessation

Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Griffiths, R. R. · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse (2016)

562 cited
Serotonergic hallucinogens in the treatment of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from a life-threatening disease: A systematic review

Reiche, S., Hermle, L., Gutwinski, S. et al. · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (2018)

Cited By (34)

Papers in Blossom that reference this study

Examining mystical experiences as a predictor of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for treatment-resistant depression

Brudner, R. M., Kaczmarek, E., Blainey, M. G. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2025)

Participant experiences of therapeutic touch in psilocybin-assisted therapy

Ham, R., Gardner, J., Carter, A. et al. · Brain and Behavior (2025)

Global Trends in Psychedelic Microdosing: Demographics, Substance Testing Behavior, and Patterns of Use

Syed, O. A., Petranker, R., Fewster, E. C. et al. · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (2024)

Show all 34 papers
Magnesium-ibogaine therapy in veterans with traumatic brain injuries

Cherian, K. N., Keynan, J. N., Anker, L. et al. · Nature Medicine (2024)

68 cited
Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study

Peck, S. K., Shao, S., Grue, T. et al. · Nature Medicine (2023)

Subtypes of the psychedelic experience have reproducible and predictable effects on depression and anxiety symptoms

Nikolaidis, A., Lancelotta, R., Gukasyan, N. et al. · Journal of Affective Disorders (2023)

ARC: a framework for access, reciprocity and conduct in psychedelic therapies

Spriggs, M. J., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2022)

35 cited
Prophylactic action of ayahuasca in a non-human primate model of depressive-like behavior

Galvão-Coelho, N. L., De Meiroz Grilo, M. L. P., de Sousa, G. M. et al. · Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience (2022)

Bespoke library docking for 5-HT2A receptor agonists with antidepressant activity

Kaplan, A. L., Confair, D. N., Kim, K. et al. · Nature (2022)

Psychedelic use is associated with reduced daily opioid use among people who use illicit drugs in a Canadian setting

Argento, E., Socias, M. E., Hayashi, K. et al. · International Journal of Drug Policy (2022)

Psychedelics, sociality, and human evolution

Rodríguez Arce, J. M., Winkelman, M. J. · Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

Catalysts for change: the cellular neurobiology of psychedelics

Bement, W., Banks, M. I., Zahid, Z. et al. · Molecular Biology of the Cell (2021)

31 cited
Registered clinical studies investigating psychedelic drugs for psychiatric disorders

Siegel, A. N., Lipsitz, O., Gill, H. et al. · Journal of Psychiatric Research (2021)

Future Directions for Clinical Psilocybin Research: The Relaxed Symptom Network

Lewis-Healey, E., Laukkonen, R., Van Elk, M. · Psyarxiv (2021)

1 cited
Use of psilocybin (“mushrooms”) among US adults: 2015-2018

Yockey, R. A., King, K. A. · Journal of Psychedelic Studies (2021)

Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder

Davis, A. K., Barrett, F. S., May, D. G. et al. · JAMA Psychiatry (2021)

1015 cited
Associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health

Simonsson, O., Sexton, J. D., Hendricks, P. S. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

65 cited
Optimal dosing for psilocybin pharmacotherapy: Considering weight-adjusted and fixed dosing approaches

Garcia-Romeu, A., Barrett, F. S., Carbonaro, T. M. et al. · Journal of Psychopharmacology (2021)

Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans

Kanen, J. W., Luo, Q., Kandroodi, M. R. et al. · Psychological Medicine (2020)

The therapeutic potential of microdosing psychedelics in depression

Kuypers, K. P. C. · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology (2020)

Your Personal Research Library

Go Pro to save papers, add notes, rate studies, and organize your research into custom shelves.