Depressive DisordersAnxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Palliative & End-of-Life Distress

Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review

This systemic review (2020) presents the results of 34 modern studies into the long-term effects of classical psychedelics in humans beyond the 2-week follow-up. Mystical experiences, connectedness, emotional breakthrough, and increased neural entropy were correlated with long-term changes in personality, depression, spirituality, anxiety, well-being, substance misuse, meditative practices, and mindfulness. A lack of aversive side effects with properly-executed treatment is also highlighted.

Authors

  • Alan Davis
  • Jordan Aday
  • Emily Bloesch

Published

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
meta Study

Abstract

Research into the basic effects and therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs has grown considerably in recent years. Yet, pressing questions remain regarding the substances’ lasting effects. Although individual studies have begun monitoring sustained changes, no study to-date has synthesized this information. Therefore, this systematic review aims to fill this important gap in the literature by synthesizing results from 34 contemporary experimental studies which included classic psychedelics, human subjects, and follow-up latencies of at least two weeks. The bulk of this work was published in the last five years, with psilocybin being the most frequently administered drug. Enduring changes in personality/attitudes, depression, spirituality, anxiety, wellbeing, substance misuse, meditative practices, and mindfulness were documented. Mystical experiences, connectedness, emotional breakthrough, and increased neural entropy were related to these long-term changes in psychological functioning. Finally, with proper screening, preparation, supervision, and integration, limited aversive side effects were noted by study participants. Future researchers should focus on including larger and more diverse samples, lengthier longitudinal designs, stronger control conditions, and standardized dosages.

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Research Summary of 'Long-term effects of psychedelic drugs: A systematic review'

Introduction

Aday and colleagues frame the review by noting the long human history of psychedelic use and the recent resurgence of clinical research after decades of regulatory restriction. Psychedelic compounds produce transient but profound alterations in perception, emotion, self-experience and connectedness, and contemporary trials have suggested therapeutic promise for conditions such as depression, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive disorder, substance misuse, and end-of-life distress. Despite growing interest, the authors identify a key gap: no systematic synthesis had been conducted on whether beneficial effects observed acutely are sustained over longer follow-ups. This paper therefore set out to synthesise contemporary experimental studies that administered classic psychedelics to human participants and included follow-up assessments of at least two weeks. The review excluded older historical studies and naturalistic or purely correlational work in order to focus on controlled experimental designs conducted in the modern era (post-1994) and to provide a clearer picture of enduring psychological and neural changes following psychedelic administration.

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Study Details

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