People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences

The study used a cross-sectional, observational design with an anonymous online survey administered in September 2019. Participants were recruited via Qualtrics research panels in the United States and Canada and completed questionnaires about prior experiences of ethnic discrimination, a memorable psychedelic episode that the participant believed contributed to relief from discrimination-related distress, and symptom levels before and after that episode. The Institutional Review Board at Ohio State University approved the research; participants provided informed consent and received standard Qualtrics panel incentives. Eligibility required participants to be at least 18 years old, fluent in English, living in the US or Canada, and to self-identify as a member of a racial or ethnic minority group (Black, Asian, Latinx, or Native/Indigenous). Importantly, participants had to report having taken a classic psychedelic that produced moderate to strong psychoactive effects and to believe that the experience contributed to relief from the challenging effects of ethnic discrimination. For analytical focus, the investigators excluded respondents who reported use of mescaline/peyote, DMT/ayahuasca, or iboga/ibogaine so outcomes could be more precisely attributed to psilocybin, LSD, or MDMA. Measures included demographic items and a bespoke eight-item questionnaire on prior psychedelic use. Instruments with established psychometric properties assessed discrimination and acute and enduring effects: the General Ethnic Discrimination Scale (GEDS-Frequency) for past discrimination, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ), the Psychological Insight Questionnaire (PIQ), and the Challenging Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) for acute psychedelic effects, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) for depression, anxiety and stress symptoms in the 30 days before and after the psychedelic experience, and the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS) for discriminatory distress in the same time windows. Internal consistency for these scales was reported as good to excellent. Analytically, descriptive statistics were calculated and preliminary chi-square tests and one-way ANOVAs examined whether demographics, psychedelic variables, acute effects, discrimination frequency, or symptom changes differed by drug type (psilocybin, LSD, MDMA). The primary analysis was a canonical correlation analysis (CCA), chosen to examine multivariate relations between a set of independent variables representing acute psychedelic effects (PIQ, MEQ, CEQ) and a set of dependent variables representing change scores in trauma, depression, anxiety, and stress. The CCA also controlled for frequency of prior discrimination and time since the psychedelic experience. The investigators report follow-up data-cleaning steps and sample flow: 26,710 invitations led to 5,534 clicks, with successive exclusions for ineligibility, poor responding, bots, duplicates, missing key data, and the substance exclusions, yielding a final analytic sample of 313 participants.

The final sample comprised 313 BIPOC participants living roughly equally in the United States and Canada. Mean age was 33.1 years (SD 11.2) and the average age at the reported psychedelic experience was 22.9 years (SD 7.2). Reported substance use for the focal episode was psilocybin (37%), LSD (36%), or MDMA (27%), and about 93% indicated the dose was moderate, moderately high, or high. Most participants (73%) reported their psychedelic experience occurred at least one year before the survey; 58% reported the experience was three or more years earlier. On the measure of discrimination (GEDS-Frequency) participants had notable scores (mean 41.95, SD 17.23), indicating frequent experiences across several domains. Frequent experiences included feeling angry and wanting to confront racist behaviour but not doing so (endorsed frequently by over 40% of respondents) and being called a racist name (34.5%). Approximately 46.2% reported never having had to take drastic steps (such as filing a grievance or quitting a job) in response to racist events. Comparisons of symptom scores for the 30 days before versus the 30 days after the memorable psychedelic episode showed mean reductions across all measures. Mean change scores (after minus before) were: traumatic stress (TSDS) M = –8.6, SD = 16.2; depression (DASS21-D) M = –2.9, SD = 5.5; anxiety (DASS21-A) M = –1.5, SD = 4.5; and stress (DASS21-S) M = –2.4, SD = 5.4. The largest absolute reductions were observed for traumatic stress and depression. The canonical correlation analysis identified one significant canonical correlation (Rc = 0.52, p < .001). In the independent variable set, the canonical variate was characterised primarily by greater intensity of mystical-type experiences (MEQ), greater psychological insight (PIQ), and lower intensity of challenging experiences (CEQ), after controlling for frequency of prior discrimination and time since the experience. The dependent variate was characterised primarily by larger reductions in racial-trauma symptoms (TSDS) and greater decreases in stress, depression, and anxiety. The redundancy statistics indicated that 29% of the variance in the independent set was explained by the dependent variate and 68% of the variance in the dependent set was explained by the independent variate. Preliminary comparisons by drug type did not show differences in subjective measures reported in this study.

Williams and colleagues interpret the findings as preliminary evidence that naturalistic psychedelic experiences are associated with reductions in symptoms related to racial trauma among BIPOC. They highlight the novelty of focusing specifically on racial-trauma‑related distress and the study's diverse North American sample as strengths. The investigators argue that the intensity and quality of the acute psychedelic experience appear to matter: mystical-type and insight experiences were most strongly related to later symptom reductions, whereas challenging experiences were associated with smaller benefits. The authors link these observations to existing literature showing that mystical-type experiences and personal insights are correlated with lasting improvements in mental health, life satisfaction, and meaning. They propose possible psychological mechanisms including memory reactivation and emotional updating (reconsolidation) facilitated by psychedelics, with insight representing an emergent product of that process. In contrast, they note that challenging experiences—such as fear, grief, or isolation—did not predict benefit in this sample, and suggest that preparation, in-session support, culturally informed care, and interpersonal connection during the psychedelic session could attenuate unhelpful challenges and potentiate therapeutic gains. Acknowledged limitations include the retrospective, cross-sectional and self-report nature of the data, and selection bias because the sample comprised individuals who believed their psychedelic experience had relieved discrimination-related distress; this limits causal inference and generalisability. The investigators also note potential recall bias given many experiences occurred years earlier, and limitations of crowdsourced recruitment (e.g. inattentive responding), although they report high internal consistency for measures. Heterogeneity of substances (psilocybin, LSD, MDMA) and lack of detailed data about the presence and role of other people during the experience were further constraints. The authors recommend controlled clinical trials, subgroup studies by specific ethnic groups and substance types, and investigation of the role of support persons or facilitators to determine how much change is attributable to pharmacology versus interpersonal support. They also emphasise the need to increase BIPOC participation in psychedelic research and to train culturally informed therapists if psychedelic-assisted approaches are to be implemented for racial trauma.

The authors conclude that, in this cross-sectional sample of BIPOC in the United States and Canada, naturalistic use of psychedelics was associated with reductions in racial-trauma‑related symptoms and other indices of psychological distress. They report that several psychedelics appeared similarly effective in this observational dataset and argue that clinical trials are the next necessary step to test efficacy in controlled settings. Given the ongoing prevalence of discrimination, the authors suggest developing effective, culturally informed treatments for racial trauma should be prioritised, and view psychedelics as a promising avenue worthy of further rigorous study.