Substance Use Disorders (SUD)Neurocognitive DisordersNeuroimaging & Brain MeasuresPersonality & Trait FactorsPublic Health, Prevention & Behaviour ChangeAyahuasca

Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study

This longitudinal field study (n=242) assessed personality, mental health, life attitudes, and neuropsychological performance in a large number of long-term ritual ayahuasca users and control participants that were matched for age, sex, educational level, and religious background. Long-term ayahuasca use indicated a lower presence of psychopathological symptoms, better performance in neuropsychological tests, higher degrees of spirituality, and better psychosocial adaptation as reflected by some attitudinal traits such as Purpose in Life and Subjective Well-Being, and benefits on mental health were still observable in a one-year follow-up.

Authors

  • Jordi Riba
  • Draulio Araújo
  • Maria Barbanoj

Published

PLOS ONE
individual Study

Abstract

Introduction

Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive plant beverage containing the serotonergic 5-HT2A agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and monoamine oxidase-inhibiting alkaloids (harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine) that render it orally active. Ayahuasca ingestion is a central feature in several Brazilian syncretic churches that have expanded their activities to urban Brazil, Europe and North America. Members of these groups typically ingest ayahuasca at least twice per month. Prior research has shown that acute ayahuasca increases blood flow in prefrontal and temporal brain regions and that it elicits intense modifications in thought processes, perception and emotion. However, regular ayahuasca use does not seem to induce the pattern of addiction-related problems that characterize drugs of abuse.

Methods

To study the impact of repeated ayahuasca use on general psychological well-being, mental health and cognition, here we assessed personality, psychopathology, life attitudes and neuropsychological performance in regular ayahuasca users (n = 127) and controls (n = 115) at baseline and 1 year later. Controls were actively participating in non-ayahuasca religions.

Results

Users showed higher Reward Dependence and Self-Transcendence and lower Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness. They scored significantly lower on all psychopathology measures, showed better performance on the Stroop test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Letter-Number Sequencing task from the WAIS-III, and better scores on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Analysis of life attitudes showed higher scores on the Spiritual Orientation Inventory, the Purpose in Life Test and the Psychosocial Well-Being test. Despite the lower number of participants available at follow-up, overall differences with controls were maintained one year later.

Discussion

In conclusion, we found no evidence of psychological maladjustment, mental health deterioration or cognitive impairment in the ayahuasca-using group.

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Research Summary of 'Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: A Longitudinal Study'

Introduction

Ayahuasca is a traditional Amazonian psychoactive brew containing N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) together with monoamine-oxidase inhibiting harmala alkaloids, which make DMT orally active. Acute administration produces marked alterations in perception, thought and emotion and increases blood flow in frontal and paralimbic brain regions, but prior neuroimaging did not show activation of classic reward structures implicated in addiction. Although previous, generally small studies have not detected clear long-term neuropsychological or psychopathological harm in ritual ayahuasca users, rising numbers of regular users and public health concerns motivate a more systematic evaluation of personality, mental health, life attitudes and cognitive function in long-term ritual contexts. Bouso and colleagues set out to examine these domains in a comparatively large sample of ritual ayahuasca users and matched non-using controls, with assessments at baseline and approximately one year later. The study aimed to determine whether long-term, regular ritual use is associated with maladaptive personality traits, increased psychopathology, or cognitive deficits, and to assess measures of spirituality and psychosocial well-being in this population.

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Study Details

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