Depressive DisordersSet & Setting

The entropic brain - revisited

This theory-building article (2017) offers more evidence for the entropic brain hypothesis, a hypothesis that under psychedelics the brain reaches higher criticality and is more susceptible to set and setting (bottom-up information). The study serves as a (possible) framework for why psychedelics work so well for a variety of mental disorders (in combination with psychotherapy).

Authors

  • Robin Carhart-Harris

Published

Neuropharmacology
meta Study

Abstract

It is shown that the principle that the entropy of brain activity is elevated in the psychedelic state is increasingly well supported by separate and independent studies and analyses, and evidence for greater brain criticality under psychedelics is also highlighted. It is argued that heightened brain criticality enables the brain to be more sensitive to intrinsic and extrinsic perturbations which may translate as a heightened susceptibility to “set” and “setting”. This updated version of the original entropic brain hypothesis now offers more concrete information on specific measures of brain entropy and suggests new studies to scrutinise it further, as well as examine its utility for describing and informing the treatment of psychiatric and neurological conditions such as depression and disorders of consciousness.”

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Research Summary of 'The entropic brain - revisited'

Introduction

Carhart-Harris revisits the 'entropic brain' hypothesis, which proposes that the information-theoretic entropy of spontaneous brain activity indexes the richness or informational content of conscious states. The original idea linked higher entropy in neural signals to richer, more variable conscious experience and drew much of its motivation from studies of classic serotonergic psychedelics, which were reported to elevate measures of brain entropy. This update aims to integrate empirical findings published since the 2014 paper, make more explicit claims about which entropy measures are most relevant, relate entropy to the notion of criticality in brain dynamics, and propose concrete empirical and clinical applications. Key aims include specifying usable measures of brain entropy, suggesting ways to test the theory (for example, in studies of emotional insight and disorders of consciousness), and linking recent serotonin research to the entropic-brain framework.

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