This double-blind, placebo-controlled fMRI study (n=22) investigated the neuropharmacology of personal relevance processing by administering LSD with and without the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin. Results indicate that ketanserin fully blocked the LSD-induced attribution of meaning to previously meaningless stimuli, suggesting a crucial role for the 5-HT2A receptor in generating personal relevance.
A core aspect of the human self is the attribution of personal relevance to everyday stimuli enabling us to experience our environment as meaningful. However, abnormalities in the attribution of personal relevance to sensory experiences are also critical features of many psychiatric disorders. Despite their clinical relevance, the neurochemical and anatomical substrates enabling meaningful experiences are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the neuropharmacology of personal relevance processing in humans by combining fMRI and the administration of the mixed serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine receptor (R) agonist lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), well known to alter the subjective meaning of percepts, with and without pretreatment with the 5-HT2AR antagonist ketanserin. General subjective LSD effects were fully blocked by ketanserin. In addition, ketanserin inhibited the LSD-induced attribution of personal relevance to previously meaningless stimuli and modulated the processing of meaningful stimuli in cortical midline structures. These findings point to the crucial role of the 5-HT2AR subtype and cortical midline regions in the generation and attribution of personal relevance. Our results thus increase our mechanistic understanding of personal relevance processing and reveal potential targets for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses characterized by alterations in personal relevance attribution.
A core feature of the human self is the attribution of personal relevance to sensory input, which allows individuals to experience their environment as meaningful. Abnormalities in attributing personal relevance are central to several psychiatric disorders, but the neurochemical and anatomical substrates that enable meaningful experiences are not well understood. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is known to alter the subjective meaning of percepts, and the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2A R) has been implicated in psychedelic effects, yet the receptor-specific contributions to altered personal relevance attribution in humans remained unclear. Preller and colleagues set out to investigate the neuropharmacology of personal relevance processing by combining functional MRI with pharmacological manipulation: administration of LSD with and without pretreatment with the 5-HT2A R antagonist ketanserin. The study tested whether 5-HT2A R activation mediates LSD-induced changes in subjective experience and in the neural processing of stimuli that vary in personal meaningfulness, using a music paradigm to probe self-referential attribution of meaning.
Papers cited by this study that are also in Blossom
Schmid, Y., Enzler, F., Gasser, P. et al. · Biological Psychiatry (2015)
Passie, T., Halpern, J. H., Stichtenoth, D. O. et al. · CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics (2008)
De Gregorio, D., Posa, L., Ochoa-Sanchez, R. et al. · Pharmacological Research (2016)
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The study used a within-subjects, repeated-measures design in which each participant completed three treatment sessions: placebo after placebo pretreatment (Pla), LSD after placebo pretreatment (LSD), and LSD after pretreatment with ketanserin (Ket + LSD). The extracted text indicates 22 participants for behavioural measures (n = 22 reported in figure captions). Full procedural details and participant characteristics are referenced to supplemental material, which is not included in the extracted text. During each session participants completed behavioural questionnaires and an fMRI music paradigm. Subjective measures included the Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire (5D-ASC) administered retrospectively and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) assessed across timepoints. The music paradigm presented three categories of musical excerpts: personally meaningful, neutral, and personally meaningless (no personal relevance); after each trial participants rated the meaningfulness of the excerpt. The investigators used these ratings both as categorical task conditions and as parametric modulators in imaging analyses. Neuroimaging analyses contrasted BOLD (blood-oxygenation-level-dependent) signal between music conditions and treatment conditions, for example meaningless > meaningful and meaningless > neutral contrasts. Statistical analyses reported include repeated-measures ANOVAs for questionnaire and rating data (treatment and music condition factors) and whole-brain fMRI contrasts; some analyses incorporated participants’ trial-by-trial meaningfulness ratings (parametric modulation). The extraction does not provide complete MRI acquisition or preprocessing parameters nor full details of randomisation, blinding, or dosing regimen; these are referred to Supplemental Experimental Procedures.
Subjective effects: Repeated-measures ANOVA on 5D-ASC scores showed significant main effects of treatment (F(1.00, 21.08) = 65.39, p < 0.001) and scale, and a significant treatment-by-scale interaction. Bonferroni-corrected comparisons indicated higher scores on 9 of 11 5D-ASC scales in the LSD condition relative to Pla and Ket + LSD (all p < 0.05); spiritual experience and anxiety scales did not differ across conditions. Scores in the Pla and Ket + LSD conditions did not differ on any 5D-ASC scale (all p > 0.90). PANAS analyses revealed a main effect of scale (positive > negative affect), a main effect of treatment (F(1.52, 32.01) = 6.13, p < 0.01), and significant interactions including treatment-by-time. After drug administration positive affect was greater in the LSD condition than in Pla and Ket + LSD (all p < 0.05), and negative affect was greater in LSD than Pla (p < 0.05). In summary, the LSD-induced subjective effects on 5D-ASC and PANAS were effectively abolished by ketanserin pretreatment, implicating 5-HT2A R mediation of the measured psychedelic effects. Behavioural meaningfulness ratings: Pre-task ratings confirmed that the selected music categories differed as intended. During the music paradigm a repeated-measures ANOVA of trial ratings found significant main effects of treatment (F(2, 42) = 12.35, p < 0.001) and music condition (F(2, 42) = 179.39, p < 0.001), and a treatment-by-music interaction (F(2.28, 47.78) = 5.26, p < 0.01). Pairwise tests showed that music was rated more meaningful in the LSD condition than in Pla or Ket + LSD (all p < 0.005). Notably, LSD increased meaningfulness ratings for previously meaningless and neutral excerpts relative to Pla and Ket + LSD (all p < 0.05), and ketanserin normalised these increases. fMRI findings: Comparing LSD to Pla for the meaningless > meaningful contrast revealed greater BOLD signal in the left supplementary motor area (SMA). For meaningless > neutral, LSD produced greater BOLD in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) relative to Pla. Direct contrasts for other combinations showed no significant clusters. Comparing LSD to Ket + LSD, the meaningless > meaningful contrast showed greater BOLD in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) after LSD without ketanserin; the meaningless > neutral contrast revealed greater BOLD in left dACC, left middle frontal gyrus and left superior frontal gyrus for LSD versus Ket + LSD. Comparing Pla to Ket + LSD for meaningful > meaningless revealed greater posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) BOLD after Ket + LSD. Parametric modulation analyses that used participants’ meaningfulness ratings were reported but specific cluster statistics are not provided in the extracted text. Overall, listening to meaningless music under LSD increased activation in lateral frontal areas and cortical midline structures (SMA, dACC, dmPFC), whereas PCC activity was relatively greater for meaningful music in the Ket + LSD condition compared to Pla.
Preller and colleagues interpret their findings as demonstrating a central role for 5-HT2A receptor activation in mediating the subjective and neural effects of LSD, particularly the increased attribution of personal relevance to stimuli that are otherwise meaningless. The authors highlight that ketanserin fully blocked LSD-induced changes on the 5D-ASC and PANAS, supporting the conclusion that 5-HT2A R stimulation is the key mechanism for the measured psychedelic effects in humans. This human finding aligns with animal literature showing that 5-HT2 R antagonists block LSD-induced behaviours and with prior work showing ketanserin reduces effects of related psychedelics. In terms of meaning processing, LSD increased behavioural ratings of meaning for neutral and meaningless music excerpts and produced increased activation in cortical midline regions (SMA, dmPFC, dACC) and lateral prefrontal areas (vlPFC) when participants listened to meaningless stimuli. The investigators note that these regions have been implicated in self-referential cognition, appraisal of external stimuli, autobiographical salience, and the transformation of sensory input into self-related processing. Ketanserin pretreatment blocked both the behavioural increase in attributed meaning and the accompanying increase in activity of self-related brain regions, supporting a 5-HT2A R-dependent mechanism. The authors also report an unexpected increase in PCC activation for meaningful versus meaningless music in the Ket + LSD condition relative to Pla and consider a potential dopaminergic contribution: because LSD also binds dopamine receptors and 5-HT2A R was blocked in the Ket + LSD condition, residual dopamine receptor stimulation by LSD could modulate processing of personally relevant stimuli. They acknowledge this interpretation is speculative and note supporting literature linking dopaminergic function to salience attribution. Key limitations the authors acknowledge include the inability to assess LSD and ketanserin effects independently due to the study design (a full factorial design would be preferable), the possibility of ceiling effects in meaningfulness ratings (limiting sensitivity to detect increases under Ket + LSD), and that other receptors besides 5-HT2A may contribute to LSD’s effects. They also discuss that the absence of increased spiritual experience in their sample may reflect dose, personality, or the clinical MR setting. Finally, the authors suggest further work to disentangle contributions of other receptor systems, to test independent drug effects, and to examine additional factors that could influence altered meaning processing.
Subjective Effects of LSD and Role of 5HT 2A R Participants underwent three treatment conditions: (1) placebo + placebo (Pla) condition: placebo after pretreatment with placebo; (2) placebo + lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) condition: LSD after pretreatment with placebo; or (3) ketanserin + LSD (Ket + LSD) condition: LSD after pretreatment with the 5-HT 2A and a-adreno antagonist ketanserin. A repeated-measures (treatment 3 scale) analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for the retrospectively administered Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) questionnaireand revealed significant main effects for treatment (F(1.00, 21.08) = 65.39, p < 0.001) and scale (11 5D-ASC scales) (F(4.99, 104.72) = 13.64, p < 0.001) and a significant interaction of treatment 3 scale (F(4.79, 100.57) = 12.24, p < 0.001). Bonferroni-corrected simple main effect analyses revealed greater scores on 9 of the 11 5D-ASC scales in the LSD treatment condition than in the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions (all p < 0.05). Scores on the spiritual experience and anxiety scales did not differ across conditions (all p > 0.30). Scores did not differ between the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions for any 5D-ASC scale (all p > 0.90) (Figure). To investigate treatment effects on mood state, we conducted a repeated-measures (time 3 treatment 3 scale) ANOVA for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)and revealed a significant main effect for scale (F(1, 21) = 193.71, p < 0.001), indicating a higher score on the positive affect scale than on the negative affect scale, a significant main effect for treatment (F(1.52, 32.01) = 6.13, p < 0.01), and significant interactions for treatment 3 time (F(2, 42) = 19.01, p < 0.001), time 3 scale (F(1, 21) = 9.29, p < 0.01), and treatment 3 time 3 scale (F(2, 42) = 3.98, p < 0.05). Bonferroni-corrected simple main effect analyses revealed that scores on the positive and negative affect scales did not differ between treatments before drug administration (all p > 0.9). After drug administration, score on the positive affect scale was significantly greater in the LSD treatment condition than in both the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions (all p < 0.05), and score on the negative affect scale was greater in the LSD treatment condition than in the Pla treatment condition (p < 0.05). Scores did not differ between the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions for either the positive or negative affect scale (all p > 0.9) (Figure). In summary, LSD induced subjective effects as anticipated. All of these LSD-induced effects were blocked by the 5-HT 2A R antagonist ketanserin, pointing to the key role of the 5-HT 2A R in mediating the human experience of LSD-induced effects.
A core aspect of the concept of the self is the attribution of personal relevance to everyday stimuli. Personal relevance has been described as the appraisal of external and internal stimuli with regard to their meaning for the organism. Abnormalities in the attribution of personal relevance to stimuli not only are characteristic features of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia but are also critical aspects of addiction, phobia, and mood disorders. It has been hypothesized that these alterations in personal relevance attribution may be related to changes in self-related processing and that this may represent a pathophysiological mechanism underlying the deficits in selfawareness in various psychiatric disorders. Music is a powerful stimulus to elicit self-related processing. Therefore, we investigated the neuropharmacology of personal relevance processing by testing the influence of LSD with and without ketanserin pretreatment on the processing of music otherwise experienced as personally meaningful, neutral, and personally not meaningful music (i.e., without personal meaning or relevance).
Retrospectively assessed 5D-ASC scores in the Placebo (Pla), Ketanserin + LSD (Ket + LSD), and LSD treatment conditions. Scores are expressed as a percent of the scale maximum (n = 22 participants). Error bars refer to standard error of the mean. Scores in the LSD treatment condition differed significantly from Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions on each scale except for spiritual experience and anxiety (p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). See also Figure. Pre-task Questionnaire Outcomes of questions 1-3 (subjective experience of musical excerpts) are presented in Table. The mean rating for general personal meaningfulness of music was 7.00 (standard deviation [SD]: 1.11; range: 1 [not at all] to 9 [very]). Ratings A repeated-measures ANOVA (treatment 3 music condition) of meaningfulness ratings provided during the music paradigm revealed a significant main effect for treatment condition (F(2, 42) = 12.35, p < 0.001) and music condition (F(2, 42) = 179.39, p < 0.001). Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons revealed that music was rated significantly more meaningful in the LSD treatment condition than in the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions (all p < 0.005). Furthermore, as intended, meaningfulness ratings significantly differed across music conditions (all p < 0.001), with songs being rated highest in the meaningful condition and lowest in the meaningless condition. There was a significant treatment 3 music condition interaction (F(2.28, 47.78) = 5.26, p < 0.01). Simple main effects analysis revealed that meaningfulness ratings were increased in the meaningless and neutral music conditions in the LSD treatment condition compared to the Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions (all p < 0.05) (Figure). fMRI For results in the Pla condition, see TableandComparison of the meaningless > meaningful contrast between LSD and Pla treatment conditions revealed significantly greater blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the left SMA after LSD administration (Figure; Table). Furthermore, comparison of the meaningless > neutral contrast revealed greater BOLD signal in the bilateral vlPFC and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) after LSD treatment (Figure; Table). No significant clusters were found for the other contrasts for the comparison of LSD and Pla treatment conditions. A direct comparison between listening to meaningful music after placebo administration and listening to meaningless music after LSD administration using a flexible factorial design did not result in any significant differences between these conditions. Comparison of the meaningless > meaningful contrast between LSD and Ket + LSD treatment conditions revealed significantly greater BOLD signal in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) after LSD administration that was not preceded by ketanserin (Figure; Table). Furthermore, comparison of the meaningless > neutral contrast revealed significantly greater BOLD signal in the left dACC, left middle frontal gyrus, and left superior frontal gyrus after LSD administration that was not preceded by ketanserin (Figure; Table). No significant clusters were found for the other contrasts. Comparison of the meaningful > meaningless contrast between Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions revealed significantly greater BOLD signal in the right posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) after Ket + LSD administration (Figureand Table). No significant clusters were found for the other contrasts. We calculated parametric modulation to investigate the neural correlates of meaning processing by taking into consideration the meaningfulness ratings participants provided for each song trial. For results, see Figureand Table. In summary, listening to meaningless music (versus neutral and personally meaningful music) in the LSD condition was associated with greater BOLD signal in lateral frontal brain areas and cortical midline structures including the SMA, dACC, and the dmPFC compared to Pla and Ket + LSD treatment conditions. However, the BOLD signal in the PCC was greater when listening to personally meaningful compared to personally meaningless music in the Ket + LSD treatment condition than in the Pla condition.
The present study combined pharmacological manipulation with behavioral and neuroimaging methods to investigate the role of the 5-HT 2A R system in the generation and modulation of LSD's overall subjective psychedelic effects, and particularly altered personal relevance attribution, and the involved brain structures. LSD has high affinity and agonist activity at 5-HT 2A/C , 5-HT 1A/B , 5-HT 6 , and 5-HT 7 and dopamine D2, D1 Rs. However, no previous study had investigated the specific receptor contributions to the effects of LSD in humans. Our results show that subjective LSD-induced effects were fully blocked by a 5-HT 2A R antagonist. This is in line with animal studies that have highlighted the importance of the 5-HT 2 R system in the mechanism of action of LSD by showing that 5-HT 2 R antagonists blocked LSD-induced abnormal behavior in rodent models of psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, ketanserin also reduced psychedelic effects of the structurally related 5-HT 2A/1A R agonists psilocybin and ayahuasca. The present results demonstrate for the first time that, in particular, 5-HT 2A R activation is the key mechanism of action in mediating the unique human experience of psychedelic effects induced by the prototypical hallucinogen LSD. The current result that all subjective effects of LSD on the 5D-ASC and PANAS questionnaires were blocked by ketanserin is somewhat surprising considering the high affinity of LSD to dopamine D2/D1 Rsand the apparent dopaminergic component of LSD-induced behavioral effects in a delayed temporal phase in rats. Furthermore, the 5-HT 1A R has also been implicated in LSD-induced effects in animals and is supposed to excerpt opposite effects on 5-HT 2A R-mediated behavior. In humans, 5-HT 1A agonists such as buspirone reduced psilocybin-induced visual disturbances without affecting its effect on emotion, while 5-HT 1A antagonists increased the psychedelic effects of DMT. While the current results indicate that the overall psychedelic effects of LSD including its effects on mood are primarily mediated via 5-HT 2A R stimulation in humans, further studies blocking the D2/D1 Rs and 5-HT 1A Rs are necessary to clarify the specific role of these Rs in LSDinduced effects. These results on subjective LSD-induced effects are consistent with behavioral ratings obtained in the music paradigm in the present study. First, the rating of meaningfulness provided during the music paradigm significantly differed for the personally meaningful, neutral, and personally meaningless music excerpts with meaningful songs scoring highest and meaningless songs scoring lowest. This indicates that the selection and matching of music resulted in the intended experience of meaningfulness. Second, LSD significantly increased meaningfulness ratings for the previously meaningless and neutral music excerpts, an effect that was normalized by pretreatment with ketanserin. These results are in line with previous studies reporting an enhanced emotional response to music after LSD treatment. Importantly, the current results indicate that stimulation of the 5-HT 2A R alters the attribution of meaning to stimuli and in particular leads to a higher attribution of meaning to otherwise meaningless cues. Therefore, the 5-HT 2A R may also be involved in dysfunctional personal relevance attribution observed in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction [2,. Overattribution of personal relevance and potential consequences thereof should also be taken into account when LSD is considered to be used therapeutically. In agreement with the behavioral ratings and with previous studies, listening to personally meaningful music in the Pla treatment condition was associated with greater BOLD signal in the SMA, putamen, middle occipital gyrus, vlPFC, and cerebellum than listening to neutral and personally meaningless music. Furthermore, comparing the neutral and meaningless music conditions revealed significant clusters of activity in the dmPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, precentral gyrus, superior and middle temporal gyrus, and angular gyrus. Activity in these brain areas has been associated with listening to autobiographically salient and chill-inducing music, the ascription of subjective value, the appraisal of external stimuli, and the processing of self-relevant stimuli. Furthermore, these regions highly overlap with brain regions identified by a parametric modulation of their response taking into consideration the extent to which participants rated the music excerpts as meaningful. This indicates that predefined music categories and the according brain response reflect the attribution of personal meaning to music excerpts. Importantly, when listening to meaningless music, LSD significantly increased activation of the SMA compared to meaningful music and of the vlPFC and dmPFC compared to neutral music. Cortical midline regions including the SMA and the dmPFC as well as the lateral PFC are involved in self-referential cognition and self-relevant processing. Applying a meta-analytic approach, it has been suggested that the cortical midline regions are characterized by supramodal processing of self-related stim-. uli crucial for the transformation of simple sensory processing to more complex selfreferential processing. Furthermore, the authors of this meta-analysis linked the cortical midline structures to the concepts of ''core,'' ''mental,'' and ''minimal'' self and linked the lateral PFC to higherorder self-referential processing including autobiographical, emotional, and spatial aspects of the self. The vlPFC has been associated with aberrant self-reflectiveness in schizophrenia patients. The current results showed increased activity in these cortical midline regions and the vlPFC in response to ''meaningless'' stimuli in the LSD treatment condition and are in accordance with the behavioral ratings suggesting that LSD increases the attribution of meaning to previously not meaningful stimuli. Furthermore, the results provide evidence that this alteration in relevance attribution is related to increased activity of brain areas that are typically involved in self-referential processing and are of clinical importance in psychiatric disorders characterized by altered self-processing. Analogous to the behavioral rating data, ketanserin blocked the LSD-induced increase in activation of self-related brain regions in response to previously non-meaningful stimuli. First, there were no significant differences between Ket + LSD and Pla treatment conditions when comparing meaningless music excerpts to neutral or meaningful music excerpts. Second, activation of cortical midline and frontal structures for meaningless stimuli was greater in the LSD treatment condition than in the Ket + LSD treatment condition, namely in the dACC for the meaningless > meaningful contrast and the dACC, middle frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus for the meaningless > neutral contrast. Importantly, these regions also have a high 5-HT 2A R density. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in BOLD signal between drug treatment conditions when taking into account the meaningfulness rating provided by the participants after each trial, indicating that brain activity reflected differences in meaning processing as behaviorally reported by the participants. In sum, these results corroborate our conclusion that stimulation of the 5-HT 2A R is key in the attribution of self-relevance and meaning to external stimuli. The increase in BOLD signal in the PCC for the meaningful > meaningless contrast was greater in the Ket + LSD treatment condition than in the Pla treatment condition. The PCC has been associated with autobiographical memory retrievaland experiential self-reflection. Therefore, these results indicate increased processing of, and probably attribution of selfrelevance to, external meaningful stimuli after Ket + LSD administration. Given that LSD has high affinity and agonistic activity at both 5-HT 2A and D2 Rsand that the 5-HT 2A R system was blocked by ketanserin in the Ket + LSD treatment condition, it is conceivable that the modulation of the processing of meaningful stimuli is attributable to dopaminergic R stimulation. This interpretation is in line with previous studies reporting a relation between PCC volume and dopamine levels in healthy humans, as well as studies linking dopaminergic dysfunction, e.g., increased firing of dopaminergic neurons, to altered salience attribution in patients with schizophrenia. This increased attribution of meaning to self-relevant stimuli was not reflected in the meaningfulness ratings, which were not significantly different between Ket + LSD and Pla treatment conditions. However, meaningfulness ratings were close to the upper end of the scale in the Pla treatment condition (mean: 3.33; scale maximum: 4); therefore, a ceiling effect might have masked differences between conditions. This result has to be interpreted with the limitation in mind that the attribution to dopaminergic effects remains speculative, and other receptors stimulated by LSD could be involved. Furthermore, due to the design of the study, the effects of LSD and ketanserin could not be investigated independently. A full factorial design is desirable in future studies. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to determine the role of various factors potentially contributing to altered meaning processing such as preference, depth of processing, or level of association.. In contrast to a previous study administering 200 mg of LSD, we did not find significant increases of spiritual experiences in the LSD condition. We assessed spirituality with the spirituality scale of the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scalesat screening visit. This resulted in an average score of 14.09 (SD: 9.08) and is therefore lower than in previously published normative data assessing young adults. Moreover, the rather clinical atmosphere in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment may not have promoted spiritual experiences. Therefore, a combination of dose, personality, and setting variables may be responsible for this result. In summary, by combining pharmacological stimulation, blocking of specific receptors, and behavioral and neuroimaging techniques, the current results illuminate the neural and neurochemical foundations of the attribution of meaning to the environment in humans. The results show, for the first time, that subjective LSD effects can be fully blocked by a 5-HT 2A R antagonist, highlighting the key role of the 5-HT 2A R subtype of 5-HT Rs in the mediation of the psychedelic effects of LSD in humans. Furthermore, the results suggest that LSD increases the attribution of personal relevance to previously non-meaningful stimuli and that this effect is attributable to 5-HT 2A R stimulation and associated with activity in brain areas related to self-relevant processing. Additionally, treatment with Ket + LSD seems to modulate the processing of personally relevant stimuli, possibly due to LSD-induced dopamine R stimulation. The current results therefore emphasize the importance of the 5-HT 2A R subtype in the generation of personal meaning and point to the involvement of the dopamine system in the further modulation of personal relevance. Abnormalities in the attribution of personal relevance to stimuli are clinically relevant features of various psychiatric disorders. The current findings therefore increase our mechanistic understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of personal meaning processing and attribution and reveal prospective differential targets for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses characterized by alterations in personal relevance attribution.
For details, see Supplemental Experimental Procedures and Table. Current Biology 27, 451-457, February 6, 2017 455
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